APES vs Saving the Rainforest rev1

In this Episode, Julianna Babcock and Caroline Mohler discuss the lesser-known environmental issue of bird endangerment. Why are the populations declining? How does it affect the environment? This podcast was reviewed by Jessie Howington Disclaimer: We are high school students who are making this podcast for a project. We are not actual experts or researchers on the subject. Thaxter, C. B., Buchanan, G. M., Carr, J., Butchart, S. H., Newbold, T., Green, R. E., ... & Pearce-Higgins, J. W. (2017). Bird and bat species' global vulnerability to collision mortality at wind farms revealed through a trait-based assessment. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1862), 20170829. Pearce‐Higgins, J. W., Stephen, L., Langston, R. H., Bainbridge, I. P., & Bullman, R. (2009). The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. Journal of Applied ecology, 46(6), 1323-1331. Dauphiné, N. I. C. O., & Cooper, R. J. (2009, October). Impacts of free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) on birds in the United States (Vol. 205). Loss, S. R. (2013, December 12). The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States. Nature Communications. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2380?error=cookies_not_supported&code=640c40cd-1daf-4fb1-893d-855274574a19#:%7E:text=Free%2Dranging%20domestic%20cats%20have,multiple%20wildlife%20extinctions%20on%20islands.&text=We%20estimate%20that%20free%2Dranging,the%20majority%20of%20this%20mortality. Marra, P. P., & Santella, C. (2017). Cat Wars. Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691167411/cat-wars Strycker, N. (2021, May 3). To save birds, should we kill off cats? Animals. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/essay-to-save-birds-should-we-kill-off-cats Hallmann, C. A. (2014, July 9). Pesticides linked to bird declines. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13531?error=cookies_not_supported&code=84a4c853-5af4-4120-bd8c-a3a7129a314a State of The Birds. (2009). Birds as Environmental Indicators. Bird Friendly Iowa. https://birdfriendlyiowa.org/Pages/BirdFriendlyIowa.aspx?pg=6#:%7E:text=A%20decline%20in%20bird%20numbers,species%2C%20and%20many%20other%20impacts.&text=Birds%20provide%20insect%20and%20rodent,in%20tangible%20benefits%20to%20people

We take a look at what proof of work is and explore some statistics on the energy used in cryptocurrency mining.  Written by Beckett Shulman. Sources: Nakamoto, S. (2009). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system Digiconomist. (2021). Bitcoin Energy Consumption. Retrieved from https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption BP Statistical review of world energy (2020) published online at http://ourworldindata.org/ retrieved from ‘https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix’ Blandin, A., Dr. Pieters, G., Wu, Y., Eisermann, T., Dek, A., Taylor, S., & Njoki, D. (2020). 3RD GLOBAL CRYPTOASSET BENCHMARKING STUDY. Retrieved from: https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2021-ccaf-3rd-global-cryptoasset-benchmarking-study.pdf

In this episode, Emily Ford discusses the issue of marine microplastic pollution. Some topics covered include the negative effects of microplastics on the environment, scientific research on cleaning technologies, and a discussion of what individuals and nations can do to prevent further pollution. Disclaimer: This podcast was created by a high school student playing the role of a researcher. References: Shim, W. J., & Thomposon, R. C. (2015). Microplastics in the ocean. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 69(3), 265-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0216-x Mato, Y., Isobe, T., Takada, H., Kanehiro, H., Ohtake, C., & Kaminuma, T. (2001). Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental science & technology, 35(2), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0010498 Arossa, S., Martin, C., Rossbach, S., & Duarte, C. (2019). Microplastic removal by Red Sea giant clam (Tridacna maxima). Environmental Pollution, 252, 1257–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.149 Liu, S., Leung, M., Fang, J., & Chua, S. (2021). Engineering a microbial ‘trap and release’ mechanism for microplastics removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127079 Henderson, L., & Green, C. (2020). Making sense of microplastics? Public understandings of plastic pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152, 110908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110908 Xanthos, D., & Walker, T. (2017). International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1–2), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048 Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, April 29). Chemicals and Toxics Topics. https://www.epa.gov/environmental-topics/chemicals-and-toxics-topics

This episode of APES vs discusses what humanity can gain from helping protect the valuable rainforest ecosystems on our planet

Who was Fritz Haber? What did he create? Is he the good guy?  This episode was hosted, written, and researched by Abigail Wesson, Bella Strickland, and Emmaline Rhodes. It was reviewed by Jessie Howington. References can be found at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Qar67z_DI9vUWc4i21lTdVUgZATDawY2kREiqoDs9sE/edit?usp=sharing

Below is a link to the script and citations for all sources used to research information and film this podcast. Enjoy this episode! https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FyVvk-tuu4iEOFsXtuOGBUFr1VAQ9JDGuNoq8sbkhb0/edit?usp=sharing

Disclaimer: We are students creating this podcast for a project, our experts are also fellow students helping us out. Sources AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014 — IPCC. (2014). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from Ipcc.ch website: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ Causes of Global Warming | WWF-Australia. (2018). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from Wwf.org.au website: https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/climate/causes-of-global-warming#gs.1zhbdq   Climate change dilemma driven by urbanisation. (2016, December 29). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from The ASEAN Post website: https://theaseanpost.com/article/climate-change-dilemma-driven-urbanisation#:~:text=How%20urbanisation%20leads%20to%20climate,is%20damaging%20to%20the%20environment.&text=An%20increase%20in%20the%20use,climate%20change%2C%22%20said%20Lee  https://www.facebook.com/TFIE2. (2018, October 20). Cities & Global Warming Have A Complex Relationship. Retrieved May 19, 2021, from CleanTechnica website: https://cleantechnica.com/2018/10/20/cities-global-warming-have-a-complex-relationship/ The Impact of Urbanization | Flash Parking. (2019, October 31). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from Flash Parking website: https://www.flashparking.com/blog/the-impact-of-urbanization/#:~:text=Causes%20of%20urbanization%20include%3A,is%20another%20factor%20of%20urbanization.&text=Modernization%3A%20New%20technology%20upgrades%20the%20infrastructure%20of%20urban%20areas Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned With. (2020). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from PRB website: https://www.prb.org/resources/urbanization-an-environmental-force-to-be-reckoned-with/

A discussion of bees. Why are populations declining? Can we replace them? What will happen if they go extinct? Sources: Chechetka, S., Yu, Y., Tange, M., & Miyako, E. (2017, February 9). Materially Engineered Artificial Pollinators. Chem. www.cell.com/chem/fulltext/S2451-9294(17)30032-3#%20. (n.d.). How do you measure hunger? Feeding America. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/food-insecurity. Hung, K.-L., Kingston, J., Albrecht, M., Holway, D., & Kohn, J. (2018, January 10). The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats. PMC. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5784195/. Johnson, R. (2010, January 7). Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder. Congressional Research Service. https://cursa.ihmc.us/rid=1JJM69DXL-27XB9CC-12CF/bees.pdf. Potts, S, et al. (2018, November 15). Robotic bees for crop pollination: Why drones cannot replace biodiversity. Science Direct. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969718321909. van der Sluijs, J.P., Vaage, N.S. Pollinators and Global Food Security: the Need for Holistic Global Stewardship. Food ethics, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41055-016-0003-z. vanEngelsdorp, D, et al. (2009, August 3). Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study. Plos One. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006481.

In 1986 the Chernobyl Power plant in modern-day Ukraine exploded, resulting in 31 deaths and all local populations being evacuated. In this episode, we discuss how this happened and the effects this incident had on the surrounding human and animal populations. Find the transcript for this episode here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/108zauqr05I02wTG9CJ1MlUWHPK4JIPSE2hjRwV3Ntxk/edit?usp=sharing

In this episode of APES vs, we discuss the issues related to urbanization and evaluate the question "Does urbanization pose a concerning negative impact on our environment?" Disclaimer: we are playing the roles of the experts and are really high school students taking AP Environmental Science.  Citations:  McKinney, M. L. (2008). Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban ecosystems, 11(2), 161-176. Bonnet-Lebrun, A. S., Manica, A., & Rodrigues, A. S. (2020). Effects of urbanization on bird migration. Biological Conservation, 244, 108423. Friedland, A., & Relyea, R. (2019). Environmental Science for the AP® Course (Third ed.). BFW High School Publishers. Moore, M., Gould, P., & Keary, B. S. (2003). Global urbanization and impact on health. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 206(4-5), 269-278. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463904702230 Bradley, C. A., & Altizer, S. (2007). Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends in ecology & evolution, 22(2), 95-102. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534706003648 Williams, D. S., Manez Costa, M., Sutherland, C., Celliers, L., & Scheffran, J. (2019). Vulnerability of informal settlements in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change. Environment and Urbanization, 31(1), 157-176. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956247818819694#_i14 Garschagen, M., & Romero-Lankao, P. (2015). Exploring the relationships between urbanization trends and climate change vulnerability. Climatic Change, 133(1), 37-52. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-0812-6 Music: https://www.bensound.com

Disclaimer: This is two high school students imitating researchers. Citations: Bao, W., Rong, Y., Rong, S., & Liu, L. (2012, October 10). Dietary iron intake, body iron stores, and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medicine. Chen, C., Chaudhary, A., & Mathys, A. (2019, April 16). Dietary Change Scenarios and Implications for Environmental, Nutrition, Human Health and Economic Dimensions of Food Sustainability. Nutrients. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520741/. European Parliament. (2002, January 28). REGULATION (EC) No 178/2002 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02002R0178-20140630&rid=1. Fanzo, J. (2015, December 2). Ethical issues for human nutrition in the context of global food security and sustainable development. Global Food Security. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912415300158. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). Key facts and findings. FAO. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/. Rowe, M. (2019). Beyond the Impossible. BrightGreen.org. https://brightergreen.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Beyond-the-Impossible.pdf.

The science and controversy behind GMOs.

This episode was hosted and written by Afzaa Rahman and reviewed by Jessie Howington. Our posed speakers are Sara Cheifitz, Arya Joshi, Sneha Singh, Emmaline Rhodes, Rubi Runton, Hannah Grunden, Alex Harry, and Mariam Hasan. References: Beijing 2008 Highlights. (2020, April 18). Retrieved May 27, 2020, from International Olympic Committee website: https://www.olympic.org/videos/beijing-2008-highlights Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., & Smith, K. R. (2008). Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(6), 2244–2247. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710711104 Chin, J. (2015, April 28). Benefits of Breathing: Beijing’s Olympic Babies Born Heavier, Study Finds. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from WSJ website: https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/04/29/benefits-of-breathing-beijings-olympic-babies-born-heavier-study-finds/ Fukuda, M., Fukuda, K., Shimizu, T., Nobunaga, M., Mamsen, L. S., & Yding Andersen, C. (2014). Climate change is associated with male:female ratios of fetal deaths and newborn infants in Japan. Fertility and Sterility, 102(5), 1364-1370.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1213 Mishamandani, S. (2015, October). Improved Air Quality During Beijing Olympics Linked to Higher Birth Weights. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from Global Environmental Health Newsletter website: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/geh/geh_newsletter/2015/10/spotlight/improved_air_quality_during_beijing_olympics_linked_to_higher_birth_weights.cfm Rich, D. Q., Liu, K., Zhang, J., Thurston, S. W., Stevens, T. P., Pan, Y., … Zhang, J. (2015). Differences in Birth Weight Associated with the 2008 Beijing Olympics Air Pollution Reduction: Results from a Natural Experiment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(9), 880–887. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408795 Sram, R. J. (1999). Impact of Air Pollution on Reproductive Health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(11), A542. https://doi.org/10.2307/3454450 World Health Organization. (2018). How air pollution is destroying our health. Retrieved from Who.int website: https://www.who.int/airpollution/news-and-events/how-air-pollution-is-destroying-our-health Wu, G., Brown, J., Zamora, M. L., Miller, A., Satterfield, M. C., Meininger, C. J., … Zhang, R. (2019). Adverse organogenesis and predisposed long-term metabolic syndrome from prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(24), 11590–11595. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902925116

Voice acting by Emily and Trevor Tupper. Writing, directing, and producing by Emily Tupper. Yant, W. P. (1930). The response of Japanese waltzing mice and canaries to carbon monoxide and to atmospheres deficient in oxygen (Vol. 3040). United States Bureau of Mines. Burrell, G. A., Seibert, F. M., & Robertson, I. W. (1914). Relative effects of carbon monoxide on small animals (Vol. 62). US Government Printing Office. Van der Schalie, W. H., Gardner Jr, H. S., Bantle, J. A., De Rosa, C. T., Finch, R. A., Reif, J. S., ... & Stokes, W. S. (1999). Animals as sentinels of human health hazards of environmental chemicals. Environmental health perspectives, 107(4), 309-315. Van der Steen, J. J., de Kraker, J., & Grotenhuis, T. (2015). Assessment of the potential of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in biomonitoring of air pollution by cadmium, lead and vanadium. Journal of Environmental Protection, 6(02), 96. Milan, M., Coppe, A., Reinhardt, R., Cancela, L. M., Leite, R. B., Saavedra, C., ... & Bargelloni, L. (2011). Transcriptome sequencing and microarray development for the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum: genomic tools for environmental monitoring. BMC genomics, 12(1), 234. Bossart, G. D. (2011). Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health. Veterinary pathology, 48(3), 676-690. Notes, planning, script, and quotes used can be found here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1co-IGshiTgcFVHZydftgjqVzfZYmzc6S5eNJxLZyMTg/edit?usp=sharing 

Isabel and Madhu

By Kristopher Papp and Anna Wing DISCLAIMER - All individuals in the podcast are not in any way experts on the discussed subject matter, and should not be cited in any manner. The individuals are high school students, and the students encourage anyone seeking further knowledge on the issue of "Are birds dinosaurs?" to further research this question. Sources -   Harris, M. P., Hasso, S. M., Ferguson, M. W., & Fallon, J. F. (2006). The development of archosaurian first-generation teeth in a chicken mutant. Current Biology, 16(4), 371-377.   Brusatte, S. L., Benton, M. J., Desojo, J. B., & Langer, M. C. (2010). The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8(1), 3-47.   Prum, R. O. (1999). Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 285(4), 291-306.   Sawyer, R. H., Salvatore, B. A., Potylicki, T. T. F., French, J. O., Glenn, T. C., & Knapp, L. W. (2003). Origin of feathers: Feather beta (β) keratins are expressed in discrete epidermal cell populations of embryonic scutate scales. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution  Martin, L. D., Stewart, J. D., & Whetstone, K. N. (1980). The origin of birds: structure of the tarsus and teeth. The Auk, 97(1), 86-93.   Starck, J. M., & Chinsamy, A. (2002). Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs. Journal of Morphology,254(3), 232-246. doi:10.1002/jmor.10029   Rensberger, J. M., & Watabe, M. (2000). Fine structure of bone in dinosaurs, birds and mammals. Nature, 406(6796), 619. 

By Nitin and Neel DISCLAIMER - All speakers are high school students Eckart, J. (2017). “Batteries Can Be Part of the Fight against Climate Change - If We Do These Five Things.” World Economic Forum. Retrieved from www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/battery-batteries-electric-cars-carbon-sustainable-power-energy/. International Energy Agency (2018). “Global EV Outlook 2018 : Key Findings.” GEVO 2018. Retrieved from www.iea.org/gevo2018/. Ji, S., & Chen, B. (2016). LCA-based carbon footprint of a typical wind farm in china. Energy Procedia, 88, 250-256. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217303156. Rîcă, R. (2011, December 8). Bach Cello Suite No.1 - Prelude (Yo-Yo Ma). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/PCicM6i59_I.   Wu, P., Ma, X., Ji, J., & Ma, Y. (2017). Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback of solar photovoltaic systems and a case study. Energy Procedia, 105, 68-74. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610216302314. Zivin, J. S. G., Kotchen, M. J., & Mansur, E. T. (2014). Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of marginal emissions: Implications for electric cars and other electricity-shifting policies. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 107, 248-268. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268114000808. 

By: Hope L. and Aidan C.  <> [Royalty Free Music] Flow — LiQWYD [Advertisement]. (2019, May 28). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLc7mSSnTok Badger, E. (2014, April 15). Pollution is segregated, too. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/15/pollution-is-substantially-worse-in-minority-neighborhoods-across-the-u-s/?utm_term=.c31e1907ef1b Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between atmospheric pollution and mortality. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://jech.bmj.com/content/61/8/665.short#block-system-main3 Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between atmospheric pollution and mortality. (2007, August). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652988/ Impact of socioeconomic status on municipal solid waste generation rate. (2016, January 28). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26831564 Katz, C. (2012, November 1). People in Poor Neighborhoods Breathe More Hazardous Particles. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/people-poor-neighborhoods-breate-more-hazardous-particles/?redirect=1 Links between noise and air pollution and socioeconomic status. (2016, September). Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/air_noise_pollution_socioeconomic_status_links_IR13_en.pdf MacDonald, J. (2018, January 10). Why Air Pollution Is a Socioeconomic Issue. Retrieved from https://daily.jstor.org/why-air-pollution-is-a-socioeconomic-issue/ Socioeconomic disparities and air pollution exposure: A global review. (2016, December 1). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626327/ Traffic, Air Pollution, Minority and Socioeconomic Status: Addressing Inequities in Exposure and Risk. (2015, May 12). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4454972/

Disclaimer: We are high school students, Joseph A. and Branden M., that attend Research Triangle High School. Also, our researchers and doctors are played by high school students. Burke, H. B., Goodman, P. H., Rosen, D. B., Henson, D. E., Weinstein, J. N., Harrell, F. E., . . . Bostwick, D. G. (2000, September 27). Artificial neural networks improve the accuracy of cancer survival prediction. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970215)79:43.0.CO;2-Y Decision theory in expert systems and artificial intelligence. (2003, May 20). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0888613X8890120X Ramesh, A. N., Kambhampati, C., Monson, J. R., & Drew, P. J. (2004). Artificial intelligence in medicine. Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 86(5), 334.  Sharma, N., & Aggarwal, L. M. (2010). Automated medical image segmentation techniques. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825001/ Topol, E. J. (2019). High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nature medicine, 25(1), 44. 

Created by John H. and Chase C. Disclaimer: This podcast was produced by high school students playing the parts of experts in certain fields. While their research is certainly based on factual information, the students are not experts.  <<Works Cited>> Hensley, R., Knupfer, S., & Pinner, D. (2009). Electrifying cars: How three industries will evolve. McKinsey Quarterly, 3(2009), 87-96. Kettles, C. (2018). Policies that Impact the Acceleration of Electric Vehicle Adoption (No. FSEC-CR-2087-18). University of Central Florida. Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC). Holland, S. P., Mansur, E. T., Muller, N. Z., & Yates, A. J. (2016). Are there environmental benefits from driving electric vehicles? The importance of local factors. American Economic Review, 106(12), 3700-3729. Granovskii, M., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2006). Economic and environmental comparison of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 159(2), 1186-1193. Notter, D. A., Gauch, M., Widmer, R., Wager, P., Stamp, A., Zah, R., & Althaus, H. J. (2010). Contribution of Li-ion batteries to the environmental impact of electric vehicles.

Created by Maya and Tammy  <<Works Cited>> Budney, A. J., Novy, P. L., & Hughes, J. R. (2002, May 03). Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913114.x Castle, D., Murray, R. M., & D’Souza, D. C. (Eds.). (2012). Marijuana and Madness. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0QqyOSJEeykC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=how+marijuana+works&ots=5a9HBq4OUe&sig=skpoGE-UNKtnhZazuq-VQZa5kfI#v=onepage&q=how%20marijuana%20works&f=false Chen, K., Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1999, May 06). Relationships between frequency and quantity of marijuana use and last year proxy dependence among adolescents and adults in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871697000471 Desimone, J. (1998). Is Marijuana a Gateway Drug? Eastern Economic Journal, 24, 149-164. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40325834?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Drug Enforcement Administration, U. (2018, October). 2018 National Drug Threat Assessment. Retrieved from https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-11/DIR-032-18 2018 NDTA final low resolution.pdf ElSohly, M. A., Mehmedic, Z., Foster, S., Gon, C., Chandra, S., & Church, J. C. (2016, April 01). Changes in Cannabis Potency Over the Last 2 Decades (1995-2014): Analysis of Current Data in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987131/ Fitzgerald, K. T., Bronstein, A.C. Newquist, K. L. (2013, February). Marijuana poisoning [Abstract]. Top Companion Anim Med, 28,8-12. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23796481 Gable, R. S. (2004, February 12). Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances. Addiction, 99, 686-696. Retrieved from http://www.ourrights.0catch.com/risk/Toxicity.Comparison_Addiction.99-p686_2004.html Hampson, A. J., Grimaldi, M., Axelrod, J., & Wink, D. (1998, July 07). Cannabidiol and (−)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/95/14/8268.short Joy, J. E., Watson, S. J., Jr., & Benson, J. A., Jr. (n.d.). Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. Retrieved from https://catnews.org/FREE Pot Books/Marijuana and Medicine 2.pdf Kleiman. (1992). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40325834?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Lessem, J. M., Hopfer, C. J., Haberstick, B. C., Timberlake, D., Ehringer, M. A., Smolen, A. Hewitt, J. K. (2006, March 25). Relationship Between Adolescent Marijuana Use and Young Adult Illicit Drug Use. Behavior Genetics, 36, 498-506. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-006-9064-9 Purnell, & JM, G. (1975, July). Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol,, euphoria and intraocular pressure in man. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/1147519

DISCLAIMER: All speakers in this presentation are high school students giving information while acting as real professionals from credible resources

Regan C. and Jessica B. Sources: Dickman, C. R. (2009). House cats as predators in the Australian environment: impacts and management. Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3(1), 41-48.  Longcore, T., Rich, C., & Sullivan, L. M. (2009). Critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap–neuter–return. Conservation biology, 23(4), 887-894.  Loss, S. R., Will, T., & Marra, P. P. (2013). The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States. Nature Communications, 4, 1396.  MacDonald, M. L., Rogers, Q. R., & Morris, J. G. (1984). Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore.  Okin, G. S. (2017). Environmental impacts of food consumption by dogs and cats. PloS one, 12(8), e0181301.  Swanson, K. S., Carter, R. A., Yount, T. P., Aretz, J., & Buff, P. R. (2013). Nutritional sustainability of pet foods. Advances in Nutrition, 4(2), 141-150. Verbrugghe, Adronie, and Myriam Hesta. “Cats and Carbohydrates: The Carnivore Fantasy?” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 15 Nov. 2017,  

DIsclaimer: We are playing the parts of researchers and are high school students  Sources:  Flexitarianism: Decarbonising through flexible vegetarianism. (2013, December 11). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148113006083  Marangi, M., Morelli, V., Pati, S., Camarda, A., Cafiero, M. A., & Giangaspero, A. (n.d.). Acaricide Residues in Laying Hens Naturally Infested by Red Mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031795  Scarborough, P., Appleby, P. N., Mizdrak, A., Briggs, A. D., Travis, R. C., Bradbury, K. E., & Key, T. J. (2014, June 11). Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1  Springmann, M., Wiebe, K., Mason-D'Croz, D., Sulser, T. B., Rayner, M., & Scarborough, P. (n.d.). Health and nutritional aspects of sustainable diet strategies and their association with environmental impacts: A global modelling analysis with country-level detail. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30318102 McLeod-Kilmurray, H. (2012). Commoditizing nonhuman animals and their consumers: Industrial livestock production, animal welfare, and ecological justice. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 32(1), 71-85. 

By Caroline W, Jonathan W, and Sejal DISCLAIMER: These are high school students and are not actually researchers. Blancke, S., Breusegem, F. V., Jaeger, G. D., Braeckman, J., & Montagu, M. V. (2015). Trends of Plant Science. Fatal Attraction: The Intuitive Appeal of GMO Opposition, 1 – 21. Retrieved from https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5948636/file/5948643  Celec, P., Kukučková, M., Renczésová, V., Natarajan, S., Pálffy, R., Gardlík, R.& Szemes, T. (2005). Biological and biomedical aspects of genetically modified food. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 59(10), 531-540. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Thk6xtFItt__43n0Cgr8LFOLwaxPXAtu  de Vendômois, J., Cellier, D., Vélot, C., Clair, E., Mesnage, R., & Séralini, G. (2010). Debate on GMOs Health Risks after Statistical Findings in Regulatory Tests. International Journal Of Biological Sciences, 590-598. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.6.590.   Landrigan, P., & Benbrook, C. (2015). GMOs, Herbicides, and Public Health. New England Journal Of Medicine, 373(8), 693-695. doi: 10.1056/nejmp1505660. Retrieved from https://www.saveeastbayhills.org/uploads/4/7/8/8/47884333/nejmroundup.pdf   Morris, E. J. (2011). A semi-quantitative approach to GMO risk-benefit analysis. Transgenic research, 20(5), 1055-1071. Retrieved from http://www.ask-force.org/web/Benefits/Morris-Semi-Quantitative-Approach-Risk-Benefit-2011.pdf   Poulsen, L. K. (2004). Allergy assessment of foods or ingredients derived from biotechnology, gene‐modified organisms, or novel foods. Molecular nutrition & food research, 48(6), 413-423. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwbnZrjtPlSBT3JZc2F4Y3NFdmlRZE9NMjZodXM2R0EwNUNz/view?usp=sharing  

Alan and Grace This podcast is made by high school students playing the roles of a podcast host (Grace) and an expert (Alan) on Carbon Capture and Storage. Sources: • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 1 • Boot-Handford, M. (2013). Carbon capture and storage update. Royal Society of Chemistry. • Haszeldine, S. (2009). Carbon Capture and Storage: How Green Can Black Be? Science Magazine. • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (n.d.). Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.(B. Metz, O. Davidson, H. D. Coninck, M. Loos, & L. Meyer, Eds.). • Herzog, H., & Golomb, D. (n.d.). Carbon Capture and Storage from Fossil Fuel Use. 

Utkarsh and Krishna DISCLAIMER: ALL GUESTS AND HOSTS ARE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS. Work Cited Franceschini, A., Vercellone, S., & Fabian, A. C. (1998). Supermassive black holes in early-type galaxies: relationship with radio emission and constraints on the black hole mass function. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 297(3), 817-824. Fryer, C. L. (1999). Mass limits for black hole formation. The Astrophysical Journal, 522(1), 413.  Shakura, N. I., & Sunyaev, R. A. (1973). Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 24, 337-355. Volonteri, M. (2012). The formation and evolution of massive black holes. Science, 337(6094), 544-547.

Written and Produced by Simi Singh (APES 4th Period, 2018-2019 school year) A full transcript of the podcast (Included as a filled out template for the script checkpoint) can be found here. Sources: Böning, C. W., Dispert, A., Visbeck, M., Rintoul, S. R., & Schwarzkopf, F. U. (2008). The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to recent climate change. Nature Geoscience, 1, 864-869.  Lamb, H. H. (1966). Climate in the 1960's Changes in the World's Wind Circulation Reflected in Prevailing Temperatures, Rainfall Patterns and the Levels of the African Lakes. The Geographical Journal, 132, 183-212. Lamb, H. H. (1977). Climatic Variation and Changes in Little Wind and Ocean Circulation: The Little Ice Age in the Northeast Atlantic. Quaternary Research, 11, 1-20. Miu, L. M. (2015). The impact of climate change on wind power production in Scotland. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 206, 239-250. Retrieved from: https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/ESS14/ESS14021FU1.pdf Pryor, S. C. & Barthelmie, R. J, Climate change impacts on wind energy: A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(1),  430-437, 2010. Stenseth, N. C., Mysterud, A., Ottersen, G., Hurrell, J. W., Chan, K. S., & Lima, M. (2002). Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science, vol 297(5585), 1292-1296.  Sydeman, W. J., García-Reyes, M., Schoeman, D. S., Rykaczewski, R. R., Thompson, S. A., Black, B. A., & Bograd, S. J. (2014). Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems. Science, 345(6192), 77-80. Retrieved from: Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems. What Is Wind? (2003). University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Retrieved from https://eo.ucar.edu/basics/wx_2_c.html 

Disclaimer:  This episode of APES vs, is made by Research Triangle High School students Ose and Sarah. All experts in this episode were students and not the actual experts Also adding music to this episode was crashing both editors computers so enjoy this musically challenged podcast. Citation: Robinson, B. H. (2009). E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Science of the total environment, 408(2), 183-191. Heacock, M., Kelly, C. B., Asante, K. A., Birnbaum, L. S., Bergman, Å. L., Bruné, M. N., ... & Kamel, M. (2015). E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: a growing global problem. Environmental health perspectives, 124(5), 550-555. Schumacher, K. A. (2016). Electronic Waste Management in the US Practice and Policy. University of Delaware.  Namias, J. (2013). The Future of Electronic Waste Recycling in the United States: Obstacles and Domestic Solutions. Columbia University. 

Disclaimer: This podcast was made by high school students Ronik G. and Drew R. in the RTHS APES class, therefore the studies and facts are all secondary and made by experts.   Sources: Effect on Animals Source 1: APA citation- Kunc, H. P., Mclaughlin, K. E., & Schmidt, R. (2016). Aquatic noise pollution: Implications for individuals, populations, and ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1836), 20160839. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0839 Source 2: APA citation- Slabbekoorn, H., Bouton, N., Opzeeland, I. V., Coers, A., Cate, C. T., & Popper, A. N. (2010). A noisy spring: The impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25(7), 419-427. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.04.005 Simpson, S. D., Radford, A. N., Nedelec, S. L., Ferrari, M. C., Chivers, D. P., McCormick, M. I., & Meekan, M. G. (2016). Anthropogenic noise increases fish mortality by predation. Nature communications, 7, 10544. Sources of Pollution Source 1: APA citation-Merchant, N. D., Pirotta, E., Barton, T. R., & Thompson, P. M. (2014). Monitoring ship noise to assess the impact of coastal developments on marine mammals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 78(1-2), 85-95. Source 2: APA citation- Ross, D. (2005). Ship sources of ambient noise. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 30(2), 257-261. Solution to Pollution Source 1: APA citation- McCarthy, E. (2007). International regulation of underwater sound: establishing rules and standards to address ocean noise pollution. Springer Science & Business Media. Source 2: APA citation- Iduk, U., & Samson, N. (2015). Effects and solutions of marine pollution from ships in Nigerian waterways. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research,(IJSER) India, 6(9), 782-792. Simmonds, M. P., Dolman, S. J., Jasny, M., Parsons, E. C. M., Weilgart, L., Wright, A. J., & Leaper, R. (2014). Marine noise pollution-increasing recognition but need for more practical action.

Ollie and Reeves Disclaimer: This podcast is made by high school students for an APES project and we are playing the parts of the researchers. Sources: Brook, B. W., & Bradshaw, C. J. (2015). Key role for nuclear energy in global biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, 29(3), 702-712. Hora, S. C., & Von Winterfeldt, D. (1997). Nuclear waste and future societies: A look into the deep future. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 56(2), 155-170. Petrescu, F. I., Apicella, A., Petrescu, R. V., Kozaitis, S., Bucinell, R., Aversa, R., & Abu-Lebdeh, T. (2016). Environmental protection through nuclear energy. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(9), 941-946. Vaillancourt, K., Labriet, M., Loulou, R., & Waaub, J. P. (2008). The role of nuclear energy in long-term climate scenarios: An analysis with the World-TIMES model. Energy Policy, 36(7), 2296-2307. Wang, Q., & Chen, X. (2012). Regulatory failures for nuclear safety–the bad example of Japan–implication for the rest of world. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2610-2617.

Disclaimer: Noah T. and Marzuq I. are playing the roles of interviewer/researcher and are interview Sri D. All people in the podcast are high school students.  Six common misconceptions about immunization. (2013, February 19). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/detection/immunization_misconceptions/en/    Hussain, A., Ali, S., Ahmed, M., & Hussain, S. (2018, July 03). The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122668/ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/hv.24828   Vaccines: Vac-Gen/What Would Happen If We Stopped Vaccinations. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/whatifstop.htm   Evrony A, Caplan A. The overlooked dangers of anti-vaccination groups' social media presence. Hum Vaccin Immunother. ;13(6):1–2. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1283467   Black, B. (2013). Climate change: An encyclopedia of science and history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.    Bain, P. G., Hornsey, M. J., Bongiorno, R., & Jeffries, C. (2012, June 17). Promoting pro-environmental action in climate change deniers. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1532  Linden, S. V., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S., & Maibach, E. (2017). Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change. Global Challenges,1(2), 1600008. doi:10.1002/gch2.201600008 

Disclaimer: This podcast was produced by high-school students.  Works Cited Annual Ethanol Production – Renewable Fuels Association. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ethanolrfa.org/statistics/annual-ethanol-production/ August 6, 2. (n.d.). Ethanol fuel from corn faulted as 'unsustainable subsidized food burning' in analysis by Cornell scientist. Retrieved from http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2001/08/ethanol-corn-faulted-energy-waster-scientist-says Chin, J., & Batterman, S. A. (2012, March). VOC composition of current motor vehicle fuels and vapors, and collinearity analyses for receptor modeling. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324831/ Erickson, J. (2012, May 02). Ecosystem effects of biodiversity loss could rival impacts of climate change, pollution. Retrieved from https://news.umich.edu/ecosystem-effects-of-biodiversity-loss-could-rival-impacts-of-climate-change-pollution/ Ethanol in Gasoline: Environmental Impacts and Sustainability Review Article. (2015, December). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Niven2/publication/222381005_Ethanol_in_gasoline_Environmental_impacts_and_sustainability_review_article/links/5a0ec193aca2729975072b10/Ethanol-in-gasoline-Environmental-impacts-and-sustainability-review-article.pdf?origin=publication_detail Gallagher, P. W., Ph.D, Yee, W. C., & Baumes, H. S. (2019, February). 2015 Energy Balance for the Corn-Ethanol Industry. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/2015EnergyBalanceCornEthanol.pdf Jacobson, M. Z. (2017, April 18). Effects of Ethanol (E85) versus Gasoline Vehicles on Cancer and Mortality in the United States. Retrieved from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es062085v Knoll, K., West, B., Huff, S., Thomas, J., Orban, J., & Cooper, C. (2009, November 4). Effects of Mid-Level Ethanol Blends on Conventional Vehicle Emissions. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46570.pdf Pimentel, D., & Patzek, T. W. (n.d.). Ethanol Production Using Corn, Switchgrass, and Wood; Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11053-005-4679-8 Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R. A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Yu, T. (2008, February 29). Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258860 Tessum, C. W., Hill, J. D., & Marshall, J. D. (2014, December 30). Life cycle air quality impacts of conventional and alternative light-duty transportation in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/111/52/18490

Disclaimer: This podcast is created by students at Research Triangle High School, Rubi R. and Charanya S., for a project in AP Environmental Science. All the experts in the podcast are played by students; however, all the information is taken from studies written by the experts named. Sources: A. Martyn, personal communication, January 23, 2019  Craig, A. T., Kasai, T., Li, A., Otsu, S., & Khut, Q. Y. (2010). Getting back to basics during a public health emergency: a framework to prepare and respond to infectious disease public health emergencies. Public Health, 124(1), 10–13. Fox-Skelly, J. (2017, May 4). There are diseases hidden in ice, and they are waking up. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170504-there-are-diseases-hidden-in-ice-and-they-are-waking-up Giant DNA virus revived from the late Pleistocene. Matthieu Legendre, Julia Bartoli, Lyubov Shmakova, Sandra Jeudy, KarineLabadie, Annie Adrait, Magali Lescot, Olivier Poirot, Lionel Bertaux, Christophe Bruley, Yohann Couté, Elizaveta Rivkina, Chantal Abergel, Jean-Michel Claverie. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Mar 2014, 111 (11) 4274-4279; DOI:10.1073/pnas.1320670111    Mayo Clinic New Network. (2016, March 23). Pandemic vs.endemic vs. outbreak: Terms to know. Retrieved from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-03-pandemic-endemic-outbreak-terms.html Mock, M., & Fouet, A. (2001). Anthrax. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 55(1), 647-671. Nasidi, A., Monath, T. P., DeCock, K., Tomori, O., Cordellier, R., Olaleye, O. D., ... & van Der Laan, G. (1989). Urban yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(3), 401-406. Pikuta, E. V., Marsic, D., Bej, A., Tang, J., Krader, P. & Hoover, R. B. ( 2005; ). Carnobacterium pleistocenium sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe isolated from permafrost of the Fox Tunnel in Alaska. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 473–478.   Revich, B. A., & Podolnaya, M. A. (2011). Thawing of permafrost may disturb historic cattle burial grounds in East Siberia. Global Health Action, 4(1).  Sobel, J. (2005). Botulism. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41(8), 1167-1173.  Wade, H. W., & Ledowsky, V. (1952). The Leprosy Epidemic at Nauru; a Review with Data on the Status since 1937. International Journal of Leprosy, 20(1), 1-29. Weed, D. L. (2002). Environmental epidemiology: Basics and proof of cause-effect. Toxicology, 181-182, 399–403. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300483X02004766

Shaan & Darshan DISCLAIMER: The speakers in this podcast are high school students producing this podcast for a project. Our sources can be found below: Drewnowski, A. (2010, November 18). The cost of US foods as related to their nutritive value. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954450/ Hijazi, N., Abalkhail, B., & Seaton, A. (2000, May 22). Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition: A study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from https://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/55/9/775.full.pdf Lopez, R. (2004). Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese. American journal of public health, 94(9), 1574-1579  Yousefian, A., Leighton, A., Fox, K., & Hartley, D. (2011). Understanding the rural food environment--perspectives of low-income parents. Rural & Remote Health, 11(2).

Hattie  & Caroline F DISCLAIMER: All guests are high school students, not actual experts. (n.d.). Extreme Weather. Retrieved from Global Change website: https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather (2019, May 23). Global Climate Change. Retrieved from NASA website: https://climate.nasa.gov/ Fabrice Courtin, J. R., Tamboura, I., Serdébéogo, O., Koudougou, Z., Solano, P., & Sidibé, I. (2010, April 15). Updating the Northern Tsetse Limit in Burkina Faso (1949–2009): Impact of Global Change. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/4/1708/htm Lindgren, E., Jaenson, T. G., Menne, B., & World Health Organization. (2006). Lyme borreliosis in Europe: influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures (No. EUR/04/5046250). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Moore, S., Shrestha, S., Tomlinson, K. W., & Vuong, H. (2011, November 09). Predicting the effect of climate change on African trypanosomiasis: Integrating epidemiology with parasite and vector biology. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsif.2011.0654 Morin, C. W., & Comrie, A. C. (2013). Regional and seasonal response of a West Nile virus vector to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(39), 15620-15625. Ogden, N. H., Radojevic, M., Wu, X., Duvvuri, V. R., Leighton, P. A., & Wu, J. (2014). Estimated effects of projected climate change on the basic reproductive number of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis. Environmental health perspectives, 122(6), 631-638. Paz, S. (2015). Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1665), 20130561.

Disclaimer: We (Jim Clayton and Gus Clingroth) are high school students at Research Triangle High School and not actual professionals. We do not have the credibility of the people were impersonate. Sources:  Kesari, K., Siddiqui, M., Meena, R., & Kumar, S., (2013). Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems. NISCAIR-CSIR, India. Singh, P. (2013). Wireless radiation: a threat to human health. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 1, 13-9. Usikalu, R., Soneye, O., & Akinpelu, A. (2018). Radiation From Different Parts of Laptops. IJMPERD. Retrieved from http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/11485/1/Usikalu%20et%20al%201.pdf Wild, C. (2011). IARC Report to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) on the Interphone Study. IARC Publications, 1–8. Retrieved from https://interphone.iarc.fr/UICC_Report_Final_03102011.pdf 

Pritika & Thao-My (Research Triangle High School) Machado, A.A., Lau, C.W., Till, J., Kloas, W., Lehmann, A., Becker, R., Rillig, M.C. (2018). Impacts of Microplastic on the Soil Biophysical Environment.  Ryan, P. G., Moore, C.J., van Franeker, J.A., & Moloney, C.L. (2009, July 27). Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Song, J.H., Narayan, M.R., Davies, G.B. (2009, July 27). Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics.  Thompson, R. C., Moore, C. J., Saal, F. S., & Swan, S. H. (2009, July 27). Plastics, the environment and human health: Current consensus and future trends.  Verma, R., Vinoda, K.S., Gowda, A.N.S. (2015). Toxic Pollutants from Plastic Waste- A Review.  Vince, J., Hardesty, B.D. (2016). Plastic Pollution challenges in marine and coastal environments: from local to global governance.

Joe Patton and Fritz Clingroth from "APES Vs" evaluate the environmental impact of invasive species. *DISCLAIMER: EVERY EXPERT DIRECTLY QUOTED IN THIS PODCAST IS PLAYED BY THE PART OF A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT. HOWEVER, THE INFORMATION IS DIRECTLY TAKEN FROM STUDIES BY THE MENTIONED EXPERTS* Sources: Albins, M., & Hixon, M. (2008). Invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans reduce recruitment of Atlantic coral-reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 367(233–238). Retrieved from https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2008/367/m367p233.pdf Charles H., Dukes J.S. (2008) Impacts of Invasive Species on Ecosystem Services. In: Nentwig W. (eds) Biological Invasions. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis), 193. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Hobb, R., Moony, H., & Pace, M. (2001). Viewing Invasive Species Removal in a Whole-ecosystem Context. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16(8). Retrieved from https://www.esf.edu/efb/parry/invasivesseminar_readings/Zavaleta_etal_2001.pdf Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R., & Morrison, D. (2004). Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics, 52(273–288). Retrieved from https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/imported/Pimentel%20et%20al_2005%20Update%20on%20Envir%20%26%20Econ%20costs%20of%20invasives.pdf Pollen-Bankhead, N., Simon, A., Jaeger, K., & Wohl, E. (2008). Destabilization of Streambanks by Removal of Invasive Species in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona. Geomorphology, 103(363–374). Retrieved from https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=22826&content=PDF Strayer, D., Evine, V., Jeschke, J., & Pace, M. (2006). Understanding the Long-term Effects of species Invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21(11). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.519.864&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Daniel S & Sri D Disclaimer: This episode was made by students of Research Triangle High School (Daniel Saltsgaver and Srinath Dittakavi) for a project in AP Environmental Science. Sources: Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: A crucial review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 157-175. doi:10.1016/s1364-0321(99)00011-8 US Department of Commerce, & National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013, June 01). What percentage of the American population lives near the coast? Retrieved from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/population.html Likens, G. E. (2013). Acid Rain. Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science, 259-264. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-091680-4.00015-9 Barbir, F., Veziroglu, T., & Plassjr, H. (1990). Environmental damage due to fossil fuels use. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 15(10), 739-749. doi:10.1016/0360-3199(90)90005-j Ibrahim, H., Ilinca, A., & Perron, J. (2008). Energy storage systems—Characteristics and comparisons. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(5), 1221-1250. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2007.01.023 Mr S Boyle. (1994). Renewable Energy, 4(6), 755-756. doi:10.1016/0960-1481(94)90319-0 Lund, H., & Mathiesen, B. (2009). Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems—The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050. Energy, 34(5), 524-531. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2008.04.003 Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800116/  “15. World Energy Council . World Energy Resources 2013 Survey: Summary. World Energy Council; London, UK: 2013. p. 29. [Google Scholar] 16. U.S. Energy Information Administration . Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2014. U.S. Energy Information Administration; Washington, DC, USA: 2014. [Google Scholar]”

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By: Abby and Lexie  APA Citations:  Berg, E.G. (2015). The Chemistry of the Pill. NCBI, doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00066.  Caldwell, D.J., Mastrocco, F., Nowak, E., Johnston, J., Yekel, H., Pfeiffer, D., Hoyt, M., DuPlessie, B.M., & Anderson, P.D. (2009). An Assessment of Potential Exposure and Risk from Estrogens in Drinking Water. NCBI, doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900654.  Frankel, T. E., Meyer, M. T., Kolpin, D. W., Gillis, A. B., Alvarez, D. A., & Orlando, E. F. (2016). Exposure to the contraceptive progestin, gestodene, alters reproductive behavior, arrests egg deposition, and masculinizes development in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environmental science & technology, 50(11), 5991-5999. Gross-Sorokin, M.Y., Roast, S.D., & Brighty, G.C. (2005). Assessment of Feminization of Male Fish in English Rivers by the Environment Agency of England and Wales. Environmental health perspectives, 114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 147–151. doi:10.1289/ehp.8068. Iwanowicz, L.R., Blazer, V.S., Pinkney, A.E., Guy, C.P., Major, A.M., Munney, K., Mierzykowski, S., Lingenfelser, S., Secord, A., Patnode, K., Kubiak, T.J., Stern, C., Hahn, C.M., Iwanowicz, D.D., Walsh, H.L., & Sperry, A. (2015). Evidence of estrogenic endocrine disruption in smallmouth and largemouth bass inhabiting Northeast U.S. national wildlife refuge waters: A reconnaissance study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 124, 50-59. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.035.