This episode discusses how hormones take action on their target cells. We look at both lipid soluble and water soluble hormones and their subclasses. I also answer a listener's question about neurological exams and how they pertain to a recent episode. If you have any questions for me, please feel free to email me at minus55media@gmail.com and maybe I'll answer it on the show!

Episode 33 introduces the endocrine system and its functions. We discuss hormones, their chemical makeup, and how they're secreted and transported. The endocrine system is clinically significant to just about every healthcare field and we'll spend more than one episode on it.

As you may have noticed, I've been taking a break during the holidays and the semester break. Thanks for you patience and I'll see you soon with Episode 33 covering the endocrine system.

Episode 32 continues with the ear covering balance and equilibrium. We discuss what vertigo is, the symptoms, and how it's treated. I also have a conversation with Dr. Kathy Burleson of Hamline University in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Dr. Burleson is the founder and chair of the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee for the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS). We discuss that committee's goals and some of the research about DEI and A&P textbooks that Dr. Burleson presented at the last HAPS National Conference. If you're interested in A&P at all, check out HAPS at www.hapsweb.org. It is an incredible professional society of A&P instructors from around the world.

This episode covers the anatomy of the ear and the physiology of hearing. I also discuss the physics of sound waves and how we convert sound waves to the electrical signals that make it to our brain so we can perceive sound.

Episode 30 covers the anatomy of the eye, image formation, visual reflexes, and the neural pathway of vision. I also had the privilege of speaking with Dr. Benjamin Rowe, optometrist and owner of Doylestown Family Eye Associates in the suburbs of Philadelphia. We discuss what an optometrist does, how to become one, and eye pathology. You can find Dr. Rowe at https://doylestowneye.com/ourteam. The team at Doylestown Family Eye Associates has been treating my whole family for at least 10 years. Five stars, highly recommend!

Episode 29 continues with sensation by covering the chemical senses: olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste). You'll also get to hear my conversation with chef and restauranteur Chris Pastena of Oakland, California. Chris also co-founded the non-profit Community Kitchens, which works to feed the hungry in the Oakland area. You can learn more about Community Kitchens and how you can help at www.ckoakland.org

Episode 28 begins our discussion of sensation, the last nervous system topic. We focus on general senses, saving special senses for the next episode. In this episode I spoke with Dr. Krista Rompolski, who teaches A&P in the physical therapy department of Moravian University in Bethlehem, PA. Krista is also an author on the textbook Fox’s Human Physiology, from McGraw-Hill Education. Krista shares her experiences teaching about sensation and her own clinical experience dealing with chronic pain.

Episode 27 finishes up the autonomic nervous system discussing the neurotransmitters of the ANS, dual innervation, and central control. It also includes ,my conversation with Dr. Beth Kersten, professor of anatomy & physiology at the State College of Florida’s Venice campus. Beth is one of the authors of Gunstream’s Anatomy & Physiology, a textbook published by McGraw-Hill Education. Beth is also an integral part of A&P Digital Suite, not only creating the bulleted narrative that summarizes my tutor videos, but also reviewing everything I do to make sure we are providing high quality, accurate learning resources.

Episode 26 begins our discussion of the autonomic nervous system, our fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest control. The autonomic nervous system mediates the visceral reflexes that control heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and a plethora of physiological processes. You’ll also get to hear my conversation with Dr. Michael Windelspecht, author of the Mader’s Biology series of textbooks from McGraw-Hill Education and one of the owners of Inspire Adventures. Inspire Adventures takes students to the Central American country of Belize where they embark on educational excursions actively learning ecology and biology in the field. https://www.inspire-edventures.com/

Episode 25 is the final brain episode covering the brainstem, diencephalon, and cerebellum. These are the more primitive parts of our brain controlling whether we’re hungry or thirsty, our fight-or-flight mechanisms, cardiovascular and respiratory function, monitoring our body’s position in space, and coordinating our movements. It’s a lot to cover, so there is no guest on today’s episode. If you have questions, please feel free to email me at minus55media@gmail.com.

Episode 24 covers the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum. But first, my conversation with Dr. Bee Heeney-Stemple, professor of Anatomy & Physiology at Bucks County Community College (where I teach!). Dr. Heeney-Stemple has been researching the effect of stress, anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on learning, including techniques to counteract those effects to maximize student and instructor success in the classroom. These 5 steps are: 1. Get to know your students and create a safe learning environment. 2. Sustain communication and be constant in your support, encouragement, and awareness to prevent crises. 3. Be flexible and accommodate. 4. Know your institutional services. 5. Obtain professional development on PTSD. If you have any questions please email me at minus55media@gmail.com.

After an almost 2 1/2 year hiatus, the return episode covers the basics of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system.

This episode covers the brain barrier system that protects the brain tissue from harmful agents that can be found in our blood. I also discuss cranial nerves I–XII, their origins, and their functions. Dr. Kevin Petti, Professor at San Diego Miramar College, coauthor of the textbook "Visual A&P" from Pearson Education, and the founder of Anatomia Italiana, https://anatomiaitaliana.com/, joins me to discuss A&P and his teaching program in Italy that connects art and anatomy.

Episode 21 begins our journey into the anatomy & physiology of the human brain, beginning of course with anatomy! It also marks our first episode with a guest. Dr. Charles Welsh is not only a professor of Biology at Duquesne University, but he is also the author of Hole's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, as well as a co-author on Hole's Anatomy & Physiology (the majors-level text book), both published by McGraw-Hill Education. Dr. Welsh and I discuss teaching and writing about anatomy & physiology as well as some important A&P concepts that students need to get.

In this episode I continue on with the nervous system and spinal cord, discussing spinal nerves, plexuses, and reflexes. I also answered a listener's question about recommended books, like "Mader's Human Biology" by Dr. Michael Windelspecht and "Hole's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology" by Dr. Chuck Welsh. Both great resources by excellend authors and professors. You can also use my personal learning resources at www.aandponlinematerials.weebly.com. Send me your questions at minus55media@gmail.com.

This episode covers the spinal cord anatomy and a little bit of function. I also discuss how spinal tracts are named and I answer a question about myelination, nerve signal conduction velocity, and Multiple Sclerosis. You can get more valuable resources for learning Anatomy & Physiology at https://aandponlinematerials.weebly.com/ There you'll find lab materials, tutor videos on key concepts, dissection videos, etc. Good luck and be well! Send me your questions at minus55media@gmail.com.

This episode covers everything you need to know about the nerve signal. This includes the resting membrane potential in neurons as well as local and action potentials. I also discuss chemical synapses and neurotransmitters. Send me your questions at minus55media@gmail.com.

This episode is a little longer than usual and covers the basics of the nervous system and the anatomy of neurons and nerve tissue. It is an essential introduction to the nervous system. I hope you enjoy it. Send me your questions at minus55media@gmail.com. www.aandponlinematerials.weebly.com

This bonus episode isn't about any specific principle in human anatomy & physiology. Instead, I am discussing the five rules of understanding A&P. This is something I've been sharing with my students with years. I hope you enjoy it and it helps you.

This episode discusses the way neurons innervate skeletal muscles and they manner in which skeletal muscles shorten to move the skeleton, regulate movement of materials, etc. The neuromuscular junction is the union of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber. There are three phases to muscle contraction: excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, and sliding filaments. Finally after contraction, we have relaxation. All are covered in this one episode.

This episode covers the anatomy of skeletal muscle cells. From the sarcolemma to the sarcomere to the myofilaments, this information is crucial to understanding how skeletal muscle works.

This episode discusses the three types of muscle tissue, the characteristics that all muscle tissue types share, the functions of muscle tissue, and its general structure.

This episode covers the embryonic formation of bones and how bones grown after birth.

This episode covers the difference between compact bone and spongy bone, Wolff's Law, and calcium homeostasis.

Is blood blue? How many ribs do men & women have? Do we really have 5 senses? What's so funny about the funny bone? This bonus episode is dedicated to dispelling four common myths people believe about the human body. Inspired by a listener's email, I hope you enjoy busting these myths!

This episode introduces the skeletal system with a topic overview and discussion of the histology of osseous tissue.

This episode explores the physiological basis of skin, hair, and eye color.

This episode covers the general basics of the integumentary system including functions, the cells and layers of the epidermis, the dermis and cutaneous glands, and superficial wound healing. Feel free to send me your questions to be answered on future episodes: minus55media@gmail.com

This episode covers the study of tissues, histological sections, and the four primary tissue classes.

This episode covers DNA replication and the cell cycle.

This episode covers DNA structure and protein synthesis.

This episode is a brief overview of the cytoplasm.

This episode gets specific about diffusion, osmosis, and carrier-mediated transport across the cell's plasma membrane.

This episode introduces the cell and discusses the plasma membrane in detail.

This episode covers the main principles of homeostasis, the way our bodies maintain a consistent internal environment despite living in an inconsistent external environment. Negative and positive feedback systems are discussed.

This episode discusses the difference between anatomy and physiology as well as the way the human body is organized from atoms all the way up to the whole organism.