In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Michelle Clancy, Veterinary Success Advisor and Dr. Paige Baker, Senior Director of Clinical Excellence at IndeVets. At the beginning of every new year, we all set goals and resolutions to improve ourselves and enhance various aspects of our lives. This year let's center our focus on what we can do as veterinarians to continue to advance the care of the animals we help. Join us as we explore the importance of setting professional and clinical goals in vet med, say goodbye to outdated practices in 2023, and reveal the resolutions guiding us in 2024 towards exceptional patient care. Tune in as we discuss what resolutions you should make as a veterinary professional!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT discusses isoniazid toxicosis in dogs. While isoniazid isn't a common toxicant seen in dogs, this antimicrobial (used to treat tuberculosis) can potentially be fatal when dogs get into poisonous amounts. Veterinary professionals must be aware of the narrow margin of safety with this human and veterinary antibiotic. Isoniazid poisoning in dogs (and rarely, cats) results in seizures, and is considered a potentially life-threatening neurotoxicant. The good news? Isoniazid has an antidote, Vitamin B6/pyridoxine, and prompt treatment and antidote therapy is necessary for best outcome.

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Leighann Daristotle, DVM PhD, Director of Professional Services at Blue Buffalo on the role of therapeutic foods in small animal veterinary patients. As veterinary professionals, how do we go about making a nutritional recommendation for complicated cases? As we see more co-morbidities in our veterinary patients as our patients age, we want to know what options we have for therapeutic diets when they have concurrent disease! With therapeutic diets focusing on treating disease indications such as allergic dermatologic conditions to gastrointestinal conditions to kidney disease or urinary-related disease to weight management to diets with chondroprotectives, tune in to learn what your options are!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT discusses what you need to know about oxygen supplementation in your veterinary patients. Once you've determined your patient is hypoxemic and needs oxygen therapy, you'll need to figure out which method of delivery of oxygen is best for your patient, you, and your hospital (e.g., based on equipment available, 24/7 care, etc.). When in doubt, know that oxygen saves lives! Methods of oxygen delivery range from flow-by oxygen to face mask delivery to using an oxygen cage or nasal canulas or using a mechanical ventilator. Tune in to learn more. If you didn't listen to Part 1 on how to determine if your patient needs oxygen, listen HERE! Special shout out to Melanie Newton, CVT VTS (ECC) for her assistance with this podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT discusses how to determine if your veterinary patient needs oxygen therapy. Is your patient tachypneic, orthopneic, or dyspneic? Utilizing subjective and objective data such as a "minimalistic" (stress-free) exam to pulse oximeter or arterial blood gas (ABG), we can determine if oxygen therapy is warranted in your patient. When in doubt, do no harm and utilize supplemental (e.g., flow-by) oxygen while you're trying to figure it out! Tune in next week to learn about different methods of delivery oxygen to your veterinary patient - regardless if you're in general practice, emergency practice, or specialty practice! Special shout out to Melanie Newton, CVT VTS (ECC) for her assistance with this podcast!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we talk with Dr. Lisa Powell, DVM, DACVECC, Manager, Telehealth and ER Engagement at BluePearl Veterinary Partners and Dr. Jessica Kerley about their study entitled "Retrospective evaluation of the incidence of presumed feline urethral obstruction during a prepandemic year compared to a pandemic year." During the COVID-19 pandemic, pet owners were working from home... and we were swamped in the veterinary clinic and ER! Was there a true increased incidence of feline urethral obstruction (UO) in male cats during this time period? (Let's admit it - cats were likely stressed from having their human pet parents home 24-7!). Or was this just due to the increased number of overall emergency feline cases seen in the veterinary clinic? Tune in to learn more!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Erica Emmett, LVT, Chief Inspiration Officer & Founder or FYR Consulting discusses how and why you need to build your emotional intelligence. First, what is emotional intelligence (EI), and how does one build their EI? More importantly, what are some tools veterinary teams can use to help build their team's EI? Tune in to learn more about building your non-medical intelligence!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Denise S. Rollings, CVT, VTS (Dentistry) on dentistry life hacks, Part 2! If you're doing dental procedures in your veterinary patients, you'll want to tune in to learn the importance of using the right equipment and using it properly (from using loupes to full mouth radiographs to better client communication!). She'll leave us some tips on what to discuss at the follow up dental appointment, and the importance of client education to help with pet owner compliance.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Debra Olbrich, MS, DVM, Senior Professional Services Veterinarian at Merck Animal Health on Feline Leukemia (FeLV). How common is FeLV, and which types of cats are at risk? How hard is FeLV to diagnose, and should we be vaccinating cats for FeLV? Tune in to learn what you need to know about updating your vaccine protocol to include FeLV vaccination!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC discuss how to manage and treat the feline urethral obstruction patient. From rapidly identifying the hyperkalemic feline patient to stabilizing them with IV fluids and pharmacological intervention to unblocking them, tune in to learn more about the blocked cat!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we talk with Randy Hall, a consultant and leadership expert who helps veterinary practices, as well as fortune 1000 businesses, become more productive and more successful and also helps them build teams that are happier and more engaged. Tune in to learn some of the biggest challenges veterinary practices are facing today, how to deal with the stress and burnout that seems to be more prevalent now, and what we can do to solve the staffing problem right now!

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Samantha Cantor and Dave Shuey, LMSW, DMA on how to set healthy boundaries in veterinary medicine. As veterinary professionals, we often fail at this, resulting in poor work-life balance. Setting healthy boundaries figures prominently in the list of often-prescribed self-care practices. Veterinarians, with their compulsive desire to heal that crosses multiple species, are uniquely prone to not only losing control of what they let in or keep out of their lives, but also to the deeper loss of any sense of “lines of distinction” between their individual needs and their perceived obligations. It turns out that boundaries describe a dynamic system of “Yes” and “No”, of “In” and “Out”, and how one relates to it has a deep effect on a person's sense of worth and self-preservation. Tune in to learn some important talk about drawing lines of love that benefit ourselves and our veterinary profession.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Jeff Tinsley from the Animal Dermatology Clinic about how to diagnose and manage dogs with cutaneous adverse food reaction (CAFR). Skin and gastrointestinal (GI) issues are among the most common problems bringing dogs to the veterinary hospital-in fact, a recent clinic survey revealed that nearly 40% of dogs visit the veterinarian because of one of these two complaints-or in some cases both. Do you know what specific clinical signs and patient history typically suggest that you're dealing with a dog with adverse food reactions? What step-by-step diagnostic workup is warranted to rule in or rule out an adverse food reaction? And tune in to find out the most common mistakes made when starting an elimination diet trial!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we're joined today with Dr. Jason Johnson, DVM, MS, DACT, Vice President and Global Chief Medical Officer at IDEXX and Sherouk Fetaih, Vice President, Head of Corporate Strategy to discuss a first-of-its-kind empirical study published by IDEXX. In this publication entitled "Finding the Time: Empowering Veterinary Teams to Get the Most Out of Every Day," they discuss what "Finding the Time" was about and why they undertook this study. More importantly, what steps can veterinary practices implement to increase practice productivity? They will uncovered the most effective actions veterinary practices can take to increase productivity. Tune in as the two authors review case studies in veterinary practice productivity, and help you understand what the Practice Productivity IndexTM is. Tune in to learn the steps you can take to improve productivity in your veterinary clinic and gain time back in your day.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we're joined today by Stacey Schumacher, Executive Director at the Texas Coalition for Animal Protection (TCAP) to talk about the importance of spay and neuter in high-quality, high-volume clinics, and what you can do to help as a veterinary professional! So, calling all 4th year veterinary students looking for more surgery experience, as this veterinary surgical externship program may be just up your alley!* As recent data has found that the number of animals euthanized in US animal shelters has risen to a three-year high, the role of high-quality, high-volume spay and neuter clinics is more and more important. Tune in to learn about what you can do, how we can better meet all pet owners needs, and what we can do to contribute towards more responsible pet ownership.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Susan Little, DABVP on how to manage the chronic kidney disease (CKD) feline patient. When it comes to managing chronic renal disease long term, what do veterinary professionals need to know? From IRIS guidelines to monitoring proteinuria and hypertension, to implementing phosphate binders and nutritional support, to weight monitoring and increasing free water intake, what do you need to know as a veterinarian, veterinary technician or veterinary student? Tune in to learn how the details of management of CKD makes all the difference!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Denise S. Rollings, CVT, VTS (Dentistry) on dentistry life hacks. If you're doing dental procedures, you'll want to tune in to learn the importance of using the right equipment and using it properly (from your clinic smart phone to properly holding dental instruments to save your hand grip!). She'll leave us some tips on how to get hands free dental radiographs to helping with post-operative dental pain while the patient is still anesthetized, to helping with pet owner compliance.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC discuss how technology can improve your veterinary life. What's new (or old) out there when it comes to technology that can make you more efficient in the veterinary setting? Tune in to learn more!

In this VETgirl podcast, we talk to Dr. Kristen Zersen, DACVECC, Assistant Professor from Colorado State University on canine parvovirus. Tune in learn how common this infectious disease is, why we still see it, what the prognosis is, and what the mainstays of current canine parvovirus treatment are. More importantly, learn about the newest advancement, Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody (CPMA), for the treatment of parvovirus? Tune in to learn it with this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Julie Liu on feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory condition seen in cats. As a general practitioner, how should you treat FCGS? What clinical signs and physical examination findings are associated with FCGS? Most importantly, learn how to treat feline chronic gingivostomatitis, including surgical intervention, analgesic therapy, and when to refer!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Dr. Sally Ryan, Founder of Veterinary Leadership Services on how to respond to abusive client behavior in the veterinary clinic. Veterinary teams deal with a lot of stress and demanding clients on a regular basis. Tune in as we define what constitutes abusive behavior, if we've seen an increase in disruptive or abusive client behavior over the years, what the signs are of escalating behavior, and most importantly, how to deal with it!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Jenessa A. Winston, DVM, PhD, DACVIM from the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine about the importance of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome! Why does gut microbiome matter, and what is its function? How does the gut microbiome affect other body systems, and when should we care about acute or chronic dysbiosis in dogs and cats. Are there tools available to assess the gut microbiome and how accessible and reliable are they to veterinarians in practice today? More importantly, what do we do clinically when we suspect that our patients suffer from GI dysbiosis? Is it diet, metronidazole, fecal transplants or what? Tune in to learn what's new with the latest research in gut microbiome.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Dr. Ferrin Peterson, equine veterinarian and jockey, on her unique path through veterinary school, her multiple jobs (as a caretaker of someone with dementia during veterinary school, to equine ICU, to equine vet tech), to maintaining work-life balance. Tune in for this unique interview with a very amazing veterinarian! You can check her out on her Instagram too.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Dr. Mark Cousins, DABVP (Feline Medicine) about pain in cats. What does pain in the cat look like, and what is the biggest barrier to the diagnosis of pain in the cat? Why aren't we veterinary professionals more aggressive about the treatment of acute and/or chronic pain in cats? Tune in to learn about multimodal pain management in cats, and what drug differences or strategies work to help give cats some relief!

In this VETgirl podcast, we talk to Dr. Meghan Herron, DACVB on how we can improve our feline care! How can we break down behavioral barriers when it comes to feline wellness care? What are the barriers when it comes to wellness care besides finances? What can we do to minimize feline stress and pet parent stress related to the veterinary visit? Tune in to learn it with this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Paige Baker (IndeVets Regional Medical Director) and Dr. Samantha Cantor (IndeVets Veterinary Success Manager) on how to find the veterinary job that's right for you. Our guests reflect on their own career journeys as doctors and offer advice that will help you evaluate different job opportunities, identify red flags during interviews, and get comfortable with navigating change that feels risky. Tune in as we talk about how to recognize when it's time to move on to something else and what to consider before signing your next contract. After the episode, take this quiz HERE to find out what kind of veterinarian job is right for you. Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by IndeVets. Is associate work wearing you down? IndeVets has helped hundreds of burnt-out vets love their job again. Led by a team of practicing vets, they took what makes associate work reliable and combined it with the flexibility of relief-so vets get proper pay, full benefits, and control over their schedule-all with a team dedicated to their happiness and growth. It's truly relief work, reimagined. Learn more at IndeVets.com.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC discuss crash cart basics in veterinary medicine. Do you need a crash cart in your veterinary clinic, and how big should it be? What needs to be stocked in a crash cart, and what drugs do we need to keep in it? Tune in to brush up on your emergency-critical care basics!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we're joined with Dr. Ashleigh Newman, VMD, DACVP, Assistant Clinical Professor at Cornell University, on the the top tips for your next clin path submission. When we're submitting or running clinical pathology samples, what things are we doing wrong as veterinarians and veterinary technicians? What can we do to optimize the accuracy of results obtained with complete blood counts? What are the most common errors seen with chemistry/biochemistry testing? What are some of your "pet peeves" with cytology submissions, and what makes you happy on your request forms (and can potentially benefit the patient and veterinary team more!)? Learn all you need to know in clin path in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl veterinary podcast, we interview Celine Leheurteux, DVM and designer of Euthabag, about the environmental impact of pet burial with pentobarbital toxicity and what we need to know about this as veterinary professionals. What do we need to know about pet burial precautions, and what happens with pentobarbital in the soil over time? With body disposal, is pentobarbital destroyed by rendering? What do veterinarians need to know when it comes to legal responsibility to properly dispose of animal remains, and how can we keep everyone safe? Tune into this VETgirl podcast to find out!

In this veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Natalie Young, PharmD, BCSCP, FACVP on what you need to know about compounding veterinary drugs or using transdermal drugs. Before you make that enrofloxacin otic solution or script out a transdermal medication for your feline patient's pinnae, tune in to learn all things pharmacology!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Michael Lappin, PhD, DACVIM, Kenneth W. Smith Professor of Small Animal Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Director at the Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University, on all things probiotics in dogs and cats. Learn about the importance of antibiotic stewardship and the role of probiotics in veterinary medicine. While veterinarians should do their best to avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics, in remains that these medications play a vital role in the management of pets with a variety of infectious conditions. Tune in to learn some of of the studies Dr. Lappin has conducted on both dogs and cats using probiotics to mitigate the negative effects of antibiotic use, and how long probiotics should be given as part of an adjunct therapy with antibiotics. Tune it in this VETgirl podcast to learn more!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Dr. Mark Cousins, DABVP (Feline Medicine) about pancreatitis in cats. Find out what the prevalence of pancreatic disease in cats is, and what the clinical signs of pancreatitis are. How do we diagnose pancreatitis in cats, and how we treat it in our feline patients? Tune in to learn everything you need to know about pancreatitis, including prognosis and some tips on client communication!

In this VETgirl veterinary podcast, we interview Dr. Natalie Young, PharmD, BCSCP, FACVP about all things pharmacology and drug related in veterinary medicine. If you can't remember your pharmacology course, tune into this VETgirl podcast to learn some core pharmacological concepts, especially when it comes to drug interactions. (Cytochrome P450, anyone)? Tune in to learn about the activities of inducers and inhibitors in pharmacology, along with some of the top drug interactions we need to keep in mind for veterinary medicine. What about “additive drug interactions,” and how does this apply to us in the veterinary clinic. So think twice before you give that doxycycline (cheese, anyone?)!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Dr. Julie Churchill, PhD, DACVN about the importance of client communication in diabetic cats, as well as some nutritional takeaways when counseling and advising cat owners. We interview her about a recent paper entitled "Survival, remission, and quality of life in diabetic cats" published by Rothlin-Zachrisson N et al in JVIM. In this retrospective study assessing 477 cats with diabetes mellitus based on a pet owner questionnaire, the authors found an association between feeding wet food and remission of diabetes and quality of life. Tune in to learn more and find out the key takeaways about feeding canned food!

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Marisa Brunetti, VMD and Dave Shuey, LMSW, DMA on burnout and compassion fatigue in veterinary medicine. Burnout and compassion fatigue are two terms that people use to address two of the most common mental health hazards inside and outside veterinary medicine. Using these terms as buzzwords, many prescriptions for work-life balance and self-care, while well-intentioned, fail to address the real danger due to inadvertently placing blame for "burnout" and "compassion fatigue" upon the sufferer. To more accurately describe and understand what we experience in the normal course of our duties, burnout and compassion fatigue should be seen as complex symptoms of simple (but sometimes deadly) problems of moral injury and trauma exposure. Join us in this VETgirl podcast for some important talk about sensitive subjects, vulnerable stories, and pathways to lasting change with the IndeVets team.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Christopher Lee, MPH, DACVPM on canine leptospirosis. How is "lepto" transmitted, and what areas of the country are most affected? How do we diagnose it, and what are the clinical signs? What canine patient population should be vaccinated for leptospirosis? Tune in to learn all things lepto!

In this VETgirl podcast, we talk to Dr. Andrew Bugbee, DACVIM about diabetes mellitus in your feline patients, and what you need to know. Find out what some of the challenges are when it comes to discussing diabetes with cat owners, and what matters most to cat owners when they get the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? After all, what's so hard about managing diabetes in cats? Learn about Bexacat, and how it may change the way we treat this disease, compared to how we treat with insulin. What's the "right" patient for Bexacat, and how do we monitor cats on SGLT2 inhibitors like Bexacat? Learn what's new in feline diabetes mellitus with this VETgirl podcast! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Elanco. A global animal health leader, we rigorously innovate to improve the health of animals, benefit our customers, support our causes and strengthen our communities. We are excited about bringing new solutions to pet owners, veterinarians and the animals we all love. Our latest innovation in the diabetes mellitus arena promises to change the way we think about treating this disease in cats forever. Indication: Bexacat is indicated to improve glycemic control in otherwise healthy cats with diabetes mellitus not previously treated with insulin. Important Safety Information: Before using this product, it is important to read the entire product insert, including the boxed warning. See package insert for full prescribing information. Cats treated with Bexacat may be at an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis or euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis, both of which may result in death. Development of these conditions should be treated promptly, including insulin administration and discontinuation of Bexacat. Do not use Bexacat in cats with diabetes mellitus who have previously been treated with insulin, who are receiving insulin, or in cats with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The use of Bexacat in cats with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or the withdrawal of insulin and initiation of Bexacat, is associated with an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis or euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis and death. Sudden onset of hyporexia/anorexia, lethargy, dehydration, diarrhea that is unresponsive to conventional therapy, or weight loss in cats receiving Bexacat should prompt immediate discontinuation of Bexacat and assessment for diabetic ketoacidosis, regardless of blood glucose level. Bexacat should not be initiated in cats with pancreatitis, anorexia, dehydration, or lethargy at the time of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, as it may indicate the presence of other concurrent disease and increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. Due to risk of severe adverse reactions, do not use Bexacat in cats with evidence of hepatic disease or reduced renal function. Consult a physician in case of accidental ingestion by humans. Bexacat is a trademark of Elanco or its affiliates. PM-US-23-0825

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we talk to Dr. Marie Holowaychuk, DACVECC, CYT on a recent study entitled “Burnout symptoms and workplace satisfaction among veterinary emergency care providers.” No big shocker, but veterinary emergency care providers have higher burnout scores compared to human emergency care providers, and that these scores are notably higher among veterinary residents but less so in those working in emergency practice > 20 years! Tune in to find out about different workplace variables (such as workload, control over work, reward for work, community, fairness, and values alignment) can be associated with burnout and what some key takeaways in terms of next steps are when it comes to burnout among emergency care providers!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Darcy Adin, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology). She will review practical, clinically relevant information on the latest updates in the diagnosis and management of mitral valve disease in dogs. Her discussion today will aid the general practitioner on what to do if the client can't go to the cardiologist. She will include steps from time of murmur to the dreaded congestive heart failure (CHF) patient. Part of the discussion she will review why 4 medications are recommended compared to the previous 3 in CHF. How does she improve client compliance in this disease? Tune in to learn all about cardiology and ways to make it easier in the clinical setting.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we discuss hepatopathies secondary to zonisamide therapy in dogs. Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug that can be used as a single or adjunctive treatment for seizures in dogs. Commonly reported adverse effects of zonisamide include sedation, ataxia, and vomiting, though idiosyncratic drug reactions have also been reported, including acute hepatopathies (de Luisa, Schwartz, Miller). Unfortunately, the overall incidence of zonisamide-induced hepatotoxicity is not known. Therefore, Smith et al performed a retrospective study to characterize the incidence of hepatopathies occurring secondary to oral zonisamide administration in dogs.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Dr. Jessica Ward, DACVIM discusses whether kidney injury can occur after furosemide use when treating dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF). When we treat dogs dogs with CHF in the emergency or critical care setting, can we potentially cause more harm and cause acute kidney injury (AKI)?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss heartworm disease and what you need to know from a cardiologist! What are the complications we can see from heartworm disease, and when is it diagnosed as "complicated" versus "uncomplicated?" When should we refer our heartworm positive patients to a cardiologist? Do all heartworm positive patients need an echocardiogram and chest radiographs? More importantly, when we see significant clinical signs such as right-sided congestive heart failure, respiratory distress, syncope, and anemia, what do we do and how do we treat it? How do we treat pulmonary hypertension secondary to heartworm disease? To help sort this out, we're joined today by Dr. Aliya Magee, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology), Cardiology Section Chief and Assistant Professor of Veterinary Cardiology at Louisiana State University. Dr. Magee also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss how to manage heartworm positive dogs and cats in the shelter setting. What do shelter veterinarians do when it comes to managing heartworm disease? It's important that shelter veterinarians and veterinarians in practice work together to provide the best possible care for the patients they see, and being heartworm positive disease isn't a death sentence to that pet! To help sort this out, we're joined today by Dr. Uri Donnett, DVM, MS, DABVP (Shelter Medicine Practice), Chief veterinarian at the Dane County Humane Society in Madison, Wisconsin. Dr. Donnett also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss heartworm disease in cats. How can we make the case for heartworm prevention in our feline patients? Why is heartworm in cats challenging to diagnose? What guidelines can veterinary professionals follow for routine monitoring of cats for heartworms? Should we recommend routine heartworm testing in cats or testing when we see clinical signs that make us suspect heartworm infection? To help sort this out, we're joined today by Dr. Mark Cousins, DABVP (Feline Medicine), owner of The Cat Practice Veterinary Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana. Dr. Cousins also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Maryanne Murphy, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition) and Dr. Angela Rollins, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition), both Clinical Associate Professors of Nutrition at University of Tennessee, on the incidence of canine and feline obesity in our veterinary patients. What can we do to help improve the health of our patients by reducing obesity? Tune in for some tips on how to improve your nutrition history, client communication and compliance when it comes to treating this "growing" epidemic. Find out whatco-morbidities are associated with obesity, and how we as veterinary practitioners can incorporate assessments and other routine tasks into our management of obese patients. When should we recommend a therapeutic weight-loss formula? Tune in to learn things all things obesity related in your veterinary patients!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Nikhil Joshi on all things Lyme disease in dogs. What do you need to know about Borrelia burgdorferi and how is it transmitted? Tune in to learn how "easy" Lyme disease is to diagnose, and what to do when you see that blue dot on the 4DX SNAP test - should you treat it or not? Learn what an OSP is and why they are important with Lyme disease, and most importantly, find out if all Lyme vaccines in dogs are created equal!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss diagnostic dilemmas about heartworm testing dogs and cats. What do we need to know about canine antigen testing, and are some heartworm antigen tests more sensitive than others? How common are false-positive results on in-house tests, and what do we need to know about false-negative results with heartworm testing? More importantly, what confirmation testing should I perform to confirm the diagnosis of heartworm disease? And cats? Since there's an issue with antigen testing in cats, what should we do when it comes to heartworm testing or diagnosing (or preventing) it in cats? To help sort this out, we're joined today by Dr. Lindsay Starkey, DVM, PhD, DACVM, a veterinary parasitologist and an assistant professor on the faculty of Auburn University. Dr. Starkey also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT reviews Fleet enema (or hypertonic phosphate) toxicity in cats (and small dogs). While this isn't a common toxicity, it can be if your cat owner gave the "wrong" type of enema! Tune in to learn what clinical signs, clinicopathologic changes, and treatment modalities are warranted with this life-threatening poisoning!

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Samantha Cantor and Dr. Andrew Heller from IndeVets on understanding your compensation as a veterinarian. So, if you're confused on how you're paid - via salary, production, pro-sal, or hourly - you'll want to tune in! Learn about sign-on bonuses and wage increases, and how to calculate your effective hourly rate!

In this VETgirl veterinary podcast, we interview Dr. Joerg Steiner, med.vet., Dr.med.vet., PhD, DACVIM, DECVIM-CA, AGAF, Regents Professor at Texas A&M University. He will review the most recent updates in acute canine pancreatitis (ACP) and an exciting new therapeutic option, PANOQUELL®-CA1 (fuzapladib sodium for injection). Acute canine pancreatitis is far more common than previously believed but until now, the treatment has been purely symptomatic. Dr. Steiner will be talking about the disease, diagnosis, prognosis, and updates in treatment. Tune in to learn about pancreatitis and its new, innovative solution.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Andrea Myer, DACVD, veterinary dermatologist, on all things derm related! If you need a quick review of veterinary dermatology, tune in to learn the top mistakes that veterinarians make with derm cases!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we discuss esophageal and gastric bone foreign bodies in dogs. Most clinicians have encountered the post-holiday tidal wave of patients that swallowed a pork rib or ate a chicken bone from the trash can. These pups just can't help themselves! So, what do you do? Bone foreign bodies are common, but when do you need to intervene versus letting the dog try to pass them on their own? To help answer these questions, Barash et al performed a study describing the outcome and the management of dogs with both esophageal and gastric bone foreign bodies.

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Christie Long, Vice President of Medicine at Modern Animal, on how technology can help improve our lives in veterinary medicine. Now that COVID is "over," what is the role of telemedicine? And with the busy-ness of veterinary life post-COVID, how can we support exemplary medical quality in veterinary medicine? Tune in to learn more about technology and its role in veterinary medicine!

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Ryanne Heiny, CVT, VTS (Internal Medicine) on being a veterinary technician specialist (VTS) in internal medicine. Should I consider getting my VTS? Can I go straight from veterinary technician school and go straight towards a VTS program? How can we build better trust between veterinarians and veterinary technicians? How can I be a more efficient veterinary technician or take a better history from pet owners? Tune in to learn more!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Colette Wegenast, DABT from the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center on her recent publication entitled "Acute kidney injury in dogs following ingestion of cream of tartar and tamarinds and the connection to tartaric acid as the proposed toxic principle in grapes and raisins" which was published in the Journal of Veterinary Emergency Critical Care in 2022. As the toxic agent eluded toxicologists for decades, this paper discusses how the ASPCA APCC suspected tartaric acid was the toxic component in Vitus spp (e.g., grapes, raisins). Find out where else tartaric acid can be found, and how to manage tartaric acid or tamarind fruit toxicity in dogs.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Sheryl Gamble, MS, DVM, professional services veterinarian at Merck Animal Health, as she reviews the many infectious causes of canine cough and how they interact with the environment and the dog to cause disease. Can you tell what the culprit is from the clinical signs alone? Tune in to learn what CIRDC (canine infectious respiratory disease complex) pathogens we have vaccines for and which ones we don't. Learn about a new vaccine to help the fight against CIRDC that veterinarians, owners, and dogs will all definitely approve.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we chat with Dr. Addie Reinhard, DVM, MS, as she reviews the mental health challenges in veterinary medicine. What are some things that leaders and companies can do to support their veterinary teams, and what can individuals do to support themselves in this field?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Christopher Kennedy, DACVECC, DECVECC, a criticalist at the University of Liège - Belgium, on all things about focused cardiac ultrasound! In this Part 2 episode, learn more about using this point-of-care-ultrasound that focuses on the heart, how to diagnose pericardial effusion (because it's harder than it looks, folks!), how to determine if there is cardiac tamponade in your veterinary patient, and what the role of FCU in fluid resuscitation in shock is!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Morgan Kelley, DACVECC on her paper "Retrospective analysis of the use of tranexamic acid in critically ill dogs and cats (2018-;2019): 266 dogs and 28 cats." If you're not sure what tranexamic acid (TXA) is and how it works to stop bleeding, you want to tune in! Learn how TXA has been used in veterinary versus human medicine, what the indications or contraindications for it are in veterinary medicine, how you can administer it, and how you can use TXA in your day to day practice! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Merck Animal Health, makers of Nobivac® Intra-Trac® Oral BbPi, the first oral Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus vaccine with patented Immuno-Mist-R™ technology.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the occurrence of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease following acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) in dogs. AHDS is a common cause of acute GI disease in dogs, and this disease has been linked to alterations in the gut microbiome of affected patients. Impaired epithelial barrier function and dysbiosis during acute intestinal injury have been thought to cause increased immune sensitivity of the GI tract, resulting in chronic enteropathy later in life. For instance, in humans, acute enteropathies are one risk factor for future chronic enteropathies, and this has also been demonstrated in puppies that survive canine parvovirus infections (Klem, Kilian). So, Skotnitzki et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Frequency of signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs after an episode of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea."

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Kathryn E. Reif, PhD on tick updates in veterinary medicine. Do dogs and cats really need 12-month parasite prevention, and why is this recommendation so vital? Are ticks a "regional problem", and what are microenvironments when it comes to tick lifecycles? And what do we really need to know about tick attachment as veterinary professionals? Tune in to learn more and learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Elizabeth Colleran, DABVP on chronic pain in cats. Find out how common chronic osteoarthritis (OA) is in cats, and whether cat caregivers can learn to recognize pain in their older cats. Learn about how Solensia works for cats with chronic pain, and how it may be more effective than recent chronic pain options out there. Tune into this VETgirl podcast to learn more!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Alice Jeromin, DACVD on atopy in cats, which has since been renamed Feline Atopic Skin Syndrome (FASS). Are you missing the diagnosis of atopy in cats? Find out what the clinical signs of atopy are in cats, what signalment, age and breed gets it, and most importantly, how to treat Feline Atopic Skin Syndrome in your feline patients!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Kristin Kirkby Shaw, DVM, MS, PhD, CCRT, DACVS, DACVSMR on diagnosing and treatment osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. What are some challenges in diagnosing OA in dogs, and how do we manage OA in dogs? What role does the entire veterinary team play when managing dogs with OA? Learn about Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and how it contributes to the pain associated with osteoarthritis. Also, learn how anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies work to control OA, so we can keep our canine patients comfortable.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Christopher Kennedy, DACVECC, DECVECC, a criticalist at the University of Liège - Belgium, on all things about focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU). Tune in to find out the use of this point-of-care-ultrasound that focuses on the heart, when we should be using FCU, and how we can go about implementing its use in our veterinary patients!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we talk to Dr. Natalie Young, PharmD, BCSCP, FACVP about all things pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics when it comes to antibiotics! If you're prescribing antibiotics EVERY. SINGLE. DAY., you'll want to check out this podcast as we discuss how we can implement appropriate antimicrobial stewardship in our veterinary clinic, and why it's important. Find out how we can improve client compliance with antibiotics, and what common mistakes we want to avoid when it comes to interpretation of culture and susceptibility reports. Lastly, why is this important? Because of antibiotic resistance! Tune in to learn it from this veterinary pharmacist!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Richard Meadows, DABVP (Canine and Feline) on what you need to know about vaccines in small animal practice. When it comes to Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD), what etiologies cause this? Which vaccines should you be reaching for in your canine and feline patients, and how do we determine what is "core" versus "non-core?" How do we best communicate vaccination strategy with our pet owners and improve preventative care? Tune in to learn more and learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Michelle Clancy and Dr. Maritza Goller of IndeVets on how being a veterinarian makes you a better parent, and how being a parent makes you a better veterinary professional! Tune in for some parenting life hacks for veterinary professionals! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by IndeVets. IndeVets is creating a whole new way to work that puts vets like us first. They combine what makes associate work reliable with what makes relief work super flexible. That means all their doctors get proper pay for the hours they work, full benefits, and total schedule control -; with a team dedicated to their happiness and growth every step of the way. IndeVets is vet-led and currently hiring highly competent and nice doctors. Check out them out at indevets.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl's Chief Happiness Officer, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical veterinary social worker, chats with Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT on self-care, after-care, and professional care for veterinary professionals. What can we do to take care of ourselves as veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and veterinary students? It's more than just a bubble bath and glass of wine... after all, scheduling and prioritizing self care, having awareness and goal setting, and taking the leap of professional care are all an important part of general wellness.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the high prevalence of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs, particularly in smaller breeds, as well as the wide variation in outcomes that occur as a result of this disease have stimulated discussion as what factors may impact these variable outcomes. Some dogs with MMVD will never develop clinical signs referable to their disease during their lifetime, while others will progress to outcomes such as congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. Whether significant differences in clinical progression occur among breeds has not been extensively investigated outside of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Dachshunds, and Miniature Poodles.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Christopher Pachel, DACVB, CABC on how to decode signs of urinary issues for cat owners. What are some common stressors for our feline patients, and how can this stress impact their urinary healthy? Tune in to learn what undesirable behaviors can be caused by stress, and what obvious to more subtle signs of stress can be seen in cats. Find out what key questions to ask about patient history including the home environment and feeding that may play a role, and learn recommendations for cat owners when it comes to all things behavior!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Justine Johnson, DACVECC, Chief of Staff at Ocean State Veterinary Specialists on whether or not you should apply for an internship in veterinary medicine. Is it worth the delay in paying off your loans? Is it worth it to defer one year of making money? While AVMA and academia also have different opinions on this, listen in to hear veterinary specialists discuss applying for an internship is worth it!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Natalie Marks on pandemic pet parents. It's been over 2 years post-COVID pandemic, and we're still seeing a lot of "pandemic-pet" related problems! What are some of the biggest issues veterinary professionals are seeing right now in first-time pet parents, and what about those pandemic pets who never received veterinary care during or post-pandemic? Tune in for some tips on how to best advise new pet parents, and what you can tell pet parents to help them transition back to the office when it comes to their pets!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Michael Lappin, DACVIM, Professor at Colorado State University, on all things probiotics in dogs and cats. What are the "pros" of using probiotics in our veterinary patients, and is it more than just supplementing yogurt? While probiotics are designed to boost healthy gut bacteria (and hence, why they are used with gastrointestinal [GI] conditions), what other non-GI conditions should probiotics be considered in? What's the latest in veterinary studies when it comes to probiotics, and are probiotics beneficial for cats with stress-related conditions (e.g., upper respiratory infections!)? More importantly, how do we veterinary professionals choose which type of probiotic to use? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Ilona Rodan, DVM DABVP (feline medicine) will review how we can make our veterinary clinic more cat friendly. As cats consistently get less healthcare than dogs, what can we do to help minimize barriers for cat care for cat caregivers? What can we do to make clinics more cat-friendly? Are we recognizing the stress factors impacting cats, and how can this affect their urinary health? How can we take a more proactive role in feline urinary health? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Richard Goldstein, DACVIM, DECVIM on the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the role of complete blood count (CBC) hematology in veterinary medicine. What's the role of AI in veterinary medicine, and how can this help when it comes to reviewing blood smears in dogs and cats? Learn about the importance of blood smears in veterinary medicine, and when a blood smear should be performed to supplement the automated CBC results. Tune in to learn how to improve your CBC interpretation, thanks to technology, and improve your clinic efficiency!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Korinn Saker, DACVN about understanding and managing Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) versus Feline Urethral Obstruction (UO). What's the clinical presentation and how do we work up these diseases? What role does nutrition play in FLUTD and UO and how can we help treat these all-to-common feline cases?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Marc Seitz, DVM, DACVR, DABVP (Canine and Feline Practice), Assistant Clinical Professor of Diagnostic Imaging at Mississippi State University on a recent abstract entitled "Assessment of the validity of a standing abdominal point-of-care ultrasound exam for the evaluation of peritoneal effusion in dogs." If you have an ultrasound in your veterinary clinic, tune in to learn all things FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma) or POCUS ultrasound-related! Looking for the presence of ascites, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion in your veterinary patients can be easily done with this readily available tool!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Denis J. Marcellin-Little, DEDV, DACVS, DECVS, ACVSMR on what you need to know as a veterinary professional when it comes to canine osteoarthritis (OA). How can we detect earlier in our canine patients, and what can we do to prevent it and treat it? What type of multimodal treatment should we be using to treat our patients with OA? Tune in to learn more and learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss urosepsis in dogs. Urosepsis simply refers to sepsis that occurs due to an infectious process originating within the urogenital tract. While urosepsis may not be your first differential in the typical septic patient, one study actually found that 35% of septic dogs had an infectious focus identified within either the urinary or genital tract (deLaforcade). There are various origins for urogenital infections that can lead to sepsis, including pyelonephritis, urogenital abscesses, pyometra, infectious prostatitis, septic uroabdomen, tumor necrosis within the urogenital tract, or infections associated with indwelling devices (King, Aronson). Unfortunately, there are few studies characterizing urosepsis in our canine patients. So, Perry et al wanted to evaluate this in a retrospective study entitled Clinical features, outcome, and illness severity scoring in 32 dogs with urosepsis (2017-2018). In this study, the authors evaluated 32 dogs diagnosed with urosepsis. Their objective was to describe the clinical features, outcome, and the utility of an illness severity scoring system in these dogs.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we will be evaluating two methods of pericardiocentesis based off a study by Cook et al entitled Prospective evaluation of pericardial catheter placement versus needle pericardiocentesis in the management of canine pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusion in dogs is a condition we see with some degree of frequency in the ER. The urgency of this condition arises from the buildup of trapped fluid in the small sac surrounding the heart, located between the pericardial lining and the myocardium. Normally this space is so small that you can't really see it on an emergency ultrasound scan without a cardiologist and a diagnostic ultrasound. When enough fluid builds up in the pericardial sac, this space becomes easier to see on emergency ultrasounds. But more importantly, as the fluid accumulates, the pressure in this trapped space compresses the heart chambers, preventing adequate filling of the heart, and results in less blood exiting the heart, and so less blood and oxygen is supplied to our vital organs. This condition is called cardiac tamponade and represents one of the causes of “obstructive shock.” Clinical signs that may clue us in to the presence of cardiac tamponade include Beck's triad of: 1) low blood pressure 2) muffled heart sounds 3) and jugular venous distention, and often the patient is also tachycardic which is the body's compensatory response to the lower cardiac filling volumes.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Marisa Brunetti (IndeVets Chief Veterinary Officer) and Dr. Maria Botinas (IndeVets Area Medical Director) on how to work more efficiently in veterinary medicine. Tune in for some veterinary tips to gain some work-life balance back in veterinary medicine!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Hazel Carney, DVM, DABVP (Canine and Feline Practice) on what you need to know about urinary health in aging cats. First, how do we get cat caregivers to be more proactive about feline healthcare, and how do we get cat owners to notice lower urinary tract signs such as PU/PD more? What are major signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in the aging cat, and what steps can we help cat owners implement both nutrition-wise and environmental-wise to improve feline health? How can we take a more proactive role in feline urinary health? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss atrial fibrillation (AF) in dogs. AF is a common arrhythmia in our canine patients, characterized by that classic “tennis shoes in a dryer” sound on auscultation. This arrhythmia is caused by disorganized, rapid electrical activity of the atria (Pedro). After identification of this abnormality on physical examination, it is important to confirm the arrhythmia with an electrocardiogram (ECG) and consider a full cardiac assessment to better understand the cause and severity of this finding. AF can itself lead to structural remodeling, and in humans with AF, an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is observed (Waldmann). However, it is unclear whether this risk for SCD is also true in dogs. So, Borgeat et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Prevalence of sudden cardiac death in dogs with atrial fibrillation." In this study, the authors hypothesize that a higher proportion of dogs with AF suffer from SCD than those with sinus rhythm and that SCD would be associated with complex ventricular arrhythmias as identified on a Holter monitor.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Andrew Heller (IndeVets co-founder and IndeVet #1) and Dr. Samantha Cantor (Veterinary Success Manager) at IndeVets. Find out how to hire veterinarians and what some red flags are that you should look for when interviewing a veterinarian. What are some green flags when hiring? Often veterinarian owners aren't specifically trained in hiring so this podcast will provide some key tips!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Deb Greco, PhD, DACVIM about diabetes mellitus in cats. Is there anything we as veterinary professionals can do better at identifying and monitoring cats that are either at risk or have preclinical diabetes? What can we do to work with our pet owners to keep cats from progressing to diabetes mellitus? Is there anything we can implement early - or even preemptively - to minimize the predisposition for insulin resistance? What are the odds of diabetic remission in cats? Learn long-term management - including dietary management, monitoring and tapering of insulin - in this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Marc Seitz, DVM, DACVR, DABVP (Canine and Feline Practice), Assistant Clinical Professor of Diagnostic Imaging at Mississippi State University on a recent study he published entitled "Sedation with dexmedetomidine is associated with transient gallbladder wall thickening and peritoneal effusion in some dogs undergoing abdominal ultrasonography." If you're doing point-of-care ultrasounds (AKA FAST ultrasounds) on your patients sedated with dexmedetomidine, you'll need to be on the look out for gallbladder edema or the "HALO" sign. Tune in to learn all the important differentials you should be keeping in mind when you see the HALO sign on veterinary ultrasound!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Kelly St. Denis, MSc, DVM, DABVP (feline practice) will review feline urinary disease. What's the classic signalment for cats with Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD), and what are the clinical signs? What we can do to help cat owners identify it sooner, and how do we diagnose and manage cats with urinary disease? How can we take a more proactive role in feline urinary health? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Royal Canin. Recommend multifunction Royal Canin Urinary SO® + Calm complete and balanced adult cat food to help support a healthy urinary tract while providing calming nutrients for cats facing stress. Learn more at my.royalcanin.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Kathryn Slaughter-Mehfoud, DVM, MPH, on a few equine problems seen by a large animal/equine surgeon. Tune in to learn everything from angular limb deformities in foals, esophageal obstructions ("choke"), septic joints to OCD lesions to when you should refer a horse to a veterinary specialist or not! Plus, this is great info for veterinary students for board review!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the treatment of refractory coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is a common fungal infection in the southwestern United States that is caused by the organisms Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. We review the study by Shubitz et al entitled "Posaconazole treatment of refractory coccidioidomycosis in dogs."

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Meghan Vaught, DACVECC, Criticalist and ECC Service Director at the Maine Veterinary Medical Center on cyberbullying in veterinary medicine. What do we do when our veterinary staff and clinic undergo the vitriol of pet owners or veterinary professionals in general?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review echocardiographic predictors of first onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD) AKA myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) using speckle tracking. The onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) is a negative prognostic indicator in dogs with underlying structural heart disease, and the likelihood of onset of atrial fibrillation is higher with increases in left atrial size and body weight. Furthermore, the greater the patient's ventricular response rate, or ultimately heart rate, in atrial fibrillation, the worse the prognosis is known to be. As a result, pharmacologic heart rate control is a major goal of treatment in dogs with atrial fibrillation secondary to structural heart disease. Early detection of onset of atrial fibrillation, if possible, would reduce the amount of time during which a dog may be experiencing as-yet undetected rapid atrial fibrillation. Data in humans have determined that certain markers on surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram (ECHO) can be useful in predicting the onset of atrial fibrillation. So, Toaldo et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Echocardiographic predictors of first onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease." The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of several echocardiographically-derived indicators of left atrial and ventricular size and function in predicting onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with MMVD.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Margie Scherk, DVM, DABVP on all things lower urinary tract in our feline patients! What do we do with our FLUTD / FIC cases? What do we do when we see cats presenting with these clinical signs, and is antimicrobial therapy warranted? Should I do a urinalysis on these feline patients, and what's the diagnostic approach to hematuria in cats?

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Lisa Radosta, DACVB about anxiety management in dogs and cats, including what potential causes or triggers contribute towards pet anxiety. How is anxiety manifested in dogs versus cats, and what screening questions should we veterinary professionals ask our pet owners to best screen for these common behavior problems? Tune in to know what medications and supplements are available and how to best treat anxiety in our feline and canine patients. Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Tamara Grubb, DVM, PhD, DACVAA about what's new with peri-operative pain management in veterinary medicine. Tune in to learn how and why we should address pain at multiple different levels in the pain pathway, and what veterinary professionals need to know about effective perioperative pain management.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review Heterobilharzia americana (HA) infections in dogs. HA is a trematode parasite that can infect our canine patients, causing a condition known as schistosomiasis and potentially severe granulomatous disease. We know that specific snails are the intermediate host, and that dogs swimming in freshwater lakes or streams are often exposed to the free cercariae that have been released by an infected snail. The organisms infect the dog by dermal penetration, and can then migrate via the bloodstream to cause damage elsewhere and eventually to mate. Specifically, the organisms move to the liver and to the lungs, where they sexually mature into adult parasites. These adults can move via the portal system, and they mate and release fertilized eggs in the mesenteric veins. Enzymes facilitate transport of the eggs into the intestines, and they are ultimately excreted in the feces. To round out this process, a new stage of the organism, the flagellated miracidia, is released from the eggs to infect snails if the feces comes in contact with fresh water. And so the cycle continues!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Sarah Ozawa, DACZM, Clinical Assistant Professor in the Exotics and Zoo department at NSCU, on the incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) in rabbits. Based off her recent study Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001-2018), we discuss if rabbits develop cardiovascular disease, and if so, what are the clinical signs that we need to recognize? How do we identify and work up rabbits with CHF and what is the treatment? Tune in to learn it with our first VETgirl rabbit podcast ever!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss a point-of-care (POC) antibody assay for Coccidioides in dogs. Coccidioides is a systemic fungal infection also known as Valley Fever, common in the southwest United States and parts of northern Mexico (Brown). The fungal organisms live in the soil, but unfortunately can become aerosolized and inhaled, leading to disease. Affected dogs often suffer from respiratory disease, but a quarter of cases can result in more serious, disseminated infections (Davidson). In a study entitled "Clinical performance of a point-of-care Coccidioides antibody test in dogs" by Reagan et al, the authors dive into the diagnostic options available for detecting Coccidioides, and they offer a quick and helpful review of the available options. Briefly, several diagnostic options are available, though cytology, histopathology, or fungal culture represent the gold standards. An agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay is used commonly in dogs to detect IgM or IgG against fungal antigens, but this test is expensive, has certain technical challenges, and varies in performance. Additionally, an enzyme immunoassay can also be performed for rapid antibody detection, but this assay still requires sending samples to a reference laboratory. Lastly, an immunochromatographic lateral flow assay (LFA) is another type of rapid detection assay that detects antibodies against two Coccidiodies antigens. This is a POC test that can be performed in approximately 30 minutes! Therefore in the current study, the authors sought to determine the agreement between this LFA and the standard AGID assay in dogs with suspected coccidioidomycosis.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl's Chief Happiness Officer, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical veterinary social worker, chats with Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT on Mental Health Awareness month. How do we lose the guilt when it comes to self-care, and what can we as veterinary professionals do to take better care of ourselves and our colleagues? What's the difference between a life coach and a therapist, and how do I find out?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Amy Johnson, BS, LVT, RLATG, CVJ, our VETgirl Manager of Content Development discuss veterinary technician utilization. First, how can vet techs advocate for their utilization, and why is it so important? Who can benefit from appropriate veterinary technician utilization? Tune into this VETgirl podcast and find out!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the use of transdermal gabapentin in cats. Transdermal drugs have made administration of certain medications substantially easier, though these formulations present their own challenges with absorption and bioavailability. In a study by Slovak et al entitled "A pilot study of transdermal gabapentin in cats," the authors evaluated gabapentin in a proprietary base called Lipoderm to determine if this transdermal formulation could penetrate feline skin and improve pain scores. The authors explain that this particular base was selected based on previously published literature on its consistency and stability (Zhang; Shakshuki).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Tiffany Gendron, CVT, VTS (ECC), our VETgirl Veterinary CE Coordinator discuss what ER vets and veterinarians do that annoy veterinary technicians. Tune in for a full-filled podcast to learn what we can do to be better teammates and to run the hospital more efficiently with good patient care.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Brian DiGangi, DABVP on what veterinarians, shelters and pet owners need to know about caring for heartworm-positive dogs. If you work in shelter medicine or work with animal rescue organizations where you transport dogs or diagnose and treat heartworm-positive dogs, this is a MUST to listen to! Dr. Brian DiGangi, DABVP who is a Senior Director of shelter medicine for the ASPCA, is uniquely qualified to discuss this topic. He is board-certified in shelter medicine, as well as canine and feline practice, he is a past president of the Association of Shelter Veterinarians, and he has been on the American Heartworm Society board of directors for 6 years.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss what to do when treating heartworm disease in dogs, especially when the "perfect protocol" isn't followed. In an ideal world, no dogs would get heartworms - and if they DID get infected, they would be given the full course of treatment recommended by organizations like the American Heartworm Society - including a course of doxycycline and a heartworm preventive followed by a series of three melarsomine injections. In the real world, circumstances lead many dogs with heartworms to be treated with less-than-optimal protocols. The question for veterinarians is, what do they need to know about management of these patients when they are adopted and find their way to your exam room? To discuss this, we are joined today by Dr. Andy Moorhead, who is a veterinary parasitologist and an assistant professor on the faculty of the University of Georgia. He also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss what to do if you just diagnosed a patient with heartworm - what do you do with that heartworm-positive patient? What happens next? Are other diagnostics needed? When and why are they needed in that heartworm-positive patient? To discuss this, we are joined today by Dr. Marisa Ames, DACVIM, a veterinary cardiologist and Associate Professor on the faculty of the University of California - Davis. She also serves on the board of directors of the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss heartworm disease in cats. It is generally understood that heartworm disease in cats is underdiagnosed-in part because many veterinarians do not routinely test cats for heartworms and also because feline heartworm testing itself is less straightforward than testing in dogs. To help sort this out, we're joined today by Dr. Lindsay Starkey, DVM, PhD, DACVM, a veterinary parasitologist and an assistant professor on the faculty of Auburn University. Dr. Starkey also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Callie Harris on the use of nutrition and how it relates to cardiac health! We've all seen this patient - an older small-breed dog who comes to your veterinary clinic for an annual wellness visit. You do your routine exam, including auscultation, and you hear a heart murmur. The dog appears healthy, but you know that his age and breed put him at risk for mitral valve disease. How would you handle the conversation with the client at this point? Can we implement a multi-modal approach including nutrition into our management of chronic valvular heart disease (AKA myxomatous mitral valve disease) in dogs? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss what you need to know about microfilariae and heartworm disease in dogs. What if you just had a dog diagnosed as microfilariae positive? How should you test and treat for this? Can microfilariae be resistant? Tune in to learn it! Today we're joined by Dr. Lindsay Starkey, a veterinary parasitologist and an assistant professor on the faculty of Auburn University. Dr. Starkey also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Nicholas J. Trout MA, VET MB, DACVS, ECVS on the benefits of weight loss with respect to underlying canine orthopedic disease. As a growing population of our pets are overweight or obese, tune in to find out how you can help pets live a more pain-free life.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the use of sterotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of heart base tumors in dogs. The two most common anatomic locations for cardiac neoplasia include the right atrium/auricle, and the heart base. Tumors at the heart base are most commonly chemodectomas, otherwise known as aortic body tumors, which are neuroendocrine tumors arising from the wall of the ascending aorta. Brachycephalic breeds are overrepresented in dogs with heart base tumors (HBTs). In many dogs, the identification of HBTs is incidental. Clinical signs in dogs with HBTs are generally associated with complications of local tumor invasion, including pericardial effusion, cardiac arrhythmias, obstruction of cardiac chambers or vasculature, and right sided congestive heart failure. HBTs are rarely confirmed via antemortem histopathology due to the risk of complications associated with biopsy and the relatively reliable predictive nature of tumor type based on ultrasonographic location. Treatment options for dogs with HBTs have remained relatively limited due to inability to safely perform surgical resection and limited response to traditional chemotherapeutics. Data evaluating response of HBTs to radiation therapy has been limited to date. So, Kruckman-Gatesy et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "A retrospective analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy for canine heart base tumors: 26 cases."

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Marisa Brunetti, Chief Medical Officer and Dr. Andrew Heller, Chief Growth Officer at IndeVets. If you're burnt out right now, or trying to balance the field of veterinary medicine with your life, learn how to get some relief in veterinary medicine. Find out why so many veterinarians are interested in relief work now, and how relief work may change the veterinary industry!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the use of telmisartan in dogs with proteinuria. Recall that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a physiological system that plays vital roles in blood pressure (BP) regulation, vascular resistance, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. Chronic RAAS activation can worsen urinary protein loss, and two common classes of medications that target this pathway are used for dogs suffering from proteinuria. Perhaps the most familiar are the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as enalapril or benazepril. In veterinary medicine, these medications are commonly prescribed for patients suffering from proteinuria. However a second class, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have become increasingly popular in recent years, which include medications such as losartan and telmisartan. So, Lecavalier et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Treatment of proteinuria in dogs with telmisartan: A retrospective study. In this study, the authors sought to describe telmisartan's use and efficacy in dogs, and they hypothesized that telmisartan would effectively lower the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) in dogs with proteinuria.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Kathryn Slaughter-Mehfoud, DVM, MPH, on what it's like to be a (soon-to-be-boarded) equine surgeon. If you're weighing whether or not to do large animal versus small animal, or whether to practice mixed animal medicine or surgery, tune in! Join us as we get some life experience tips from this "cowgirl vet!"

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the feline uroabdomen. Uroabdomen simply refers to free urine within the abdominal cavity, which occurs secondary to a breach anywhere in the urinary tract. In cats, the urinary bladder itself is the most common location for a rupture, and it most commonly occurs secondary to trauma (Stafford). The consequences of a uroabdomen can be severe and life-threatening. Common metabolic disturbances include hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, and azotemia. In a dog, you may see this laboratory work and think of an Addisonian crisis! Importantly, cats that have a palpable bladder or that are still able to void normally could still have a uroabdomen, so do not rule it out based on those findings alone. When faced with such a case, you brilliant clinicians out there are fully prepared to jump into action and stabilize the patient. However, you may not have the best guidance when providing the owners with evidence-based prognostic information. This is because few studies have actually evaluated prognostic factors in feline uroabdomen cases. So, in a study by Hornsey et al entitled "Factors affecting survival to discharge in 53 cats diagnosed with uroabdomen: a single-centre retrospective analysis," the authors sought to evaluate specific factors that are associated with outcome in cats presenting with a uroabdomen. This was a retrospective study, and medical records were reviewed of cats presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital with a uroabdomen between June 2003 and September 2016. Cats that were euthanized within 2 hours of presentation were excluded. Confirmation of a uroabdomen required either sampling and biochemical analysis of the abdominal fluid or contrast radiography with visualization of fluid escaping the urogenital tract. Extensive information was extracted from the medical records, including patient details, diagnostic results, etiology, treatment information, and case outcome. Note that the authors classified uroabdomen etiology in the following four categories: external trauma (road traffic accident, other blunt trauma, or dog fight), iatrogenic (cystocentesis, urinary catheterization, bladder expression, or post-operative), urethral obstruction, and unknown.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss feline HCM and whether the use of beta-blockers are beneficial. So, Coleman and al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Atenolol in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of effect on quality of life, activity, and cardiac biomarkers." We likely should be dispensing beta blockers - specifically atenolol - less frequently - if at all, as this study didn't show any benefit in quality of life, activity, or treatment benefits for cats with subclinical HCM. When in doubt, pick a different cardiac medication and consult with your local cardiologist!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the incidence of bacterial infection before and after stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse. Positive bacterial culture is common in dogs with tracheal collapse (TC), with Pseudomonas spp. most commonly isolated. The role of positive bacterial culture in the pathophysiology of TC is not clear, however, and cytology does not always support an overt infection. Bacterial infection and or pneumonia are known complications associated with tracheal stent placement in dogs. Mucus-filled gaps between tracheal stents and the tracheal mucosa are common. Whether the presence of bacteria impacts the ability of the trachea to fully integrate into the tracheal mucosa is unclear. So, Lesnikowski et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Bacterial infection before and after stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse syndrome." The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial infection in dogs with tracheal collapse both before and after stent placement, and whether this correlated to evidence of overt respiratory infection. The authors also hoped to identify risk factors for infection and further characterize the types of infections present. They hypothesized that placement of a tracheal stent would reduce the risk of infections in geriatric dogs and those with traditional-type tracheal collapse (TTC) while increasing this risk in young dogs and dogs with malformation-type tracheal collapse (MTC). TTC was defined as weakened cartilage with flattened lumen. MTC was defined as firm cartilage that is malformed.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss unintended weight loss in cats with Dr. Cynthia Ward, PhD, DACVIM, the endocrinology consultant for Dechra Veterinary Products. Tune in to learn why inadequate nutrition and unintended weight loss in cats is detrimental, what the common causes of weight loss in cats are, and how to be proactive about weight loss. Learn how to take a proactive approach to feline patients losing weight! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Dechra Veterinary Products, the maker of Mirataz (mirtazapine transdermal ointment). Take control with Mirataz. To learn more visit www.mirataz.com.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Laura Gaylord, DACVN and Dr. Matt Panasevich, PhD. Each represents a different, but equally important, sub-segment of Nutritionists - Dr. Gaylord as a board-certified veterinary nutritionist and Dr. Panasevich as a PhD animal nutritionist. Here, find out more about their roles and how by working collaboratively, what they can bring to the health of pets. Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Blue Buffalo, makers of BLUE Natural Veterinary Diets. With a research & development team made up of PhD nutritionists, veterinarians and food scientists with more than 300 cumulative years of experience in the pet food industry, Blue Buffalo is committed to partnering with the veterinary profession and providing the best science-backed care for the pets we love. To learn more about Blue's commitment, visit BlueVetConnect.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Deborah Silverstein, DACVECC, Professor of Critical Care and Dr. Nolan Chalifoux, ECC resident, at University of Pennsylvania PennVet on their recent study "Effectiveness of intravenous fluid resuscitation in hypotensive cats: 82 cases (2012-2019)." Tune in to find out if cats respond to IV fluid resuscitation when hypothermic, hypotensive, and critically ill, and learn more about all things fluid therapy in cats!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the cardiac biomarkers in veterinary medicine. Biomarkers have been shown to be useful in assessment of severity of disease and etiology of clinical signs in cats with cardiomyopathies. The two cardiac biomarkers most thoroughly studied to date are N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic hormone (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI). NT-proBNP provides information regarding degree of myocardial stretch and stress, while cTnI is more specific for assessing severity of myocardial injury. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is superficially thought of as a singular disease but actually encompasses a mosaic of various phenotypes dependent on location and heterogeneity of hypertrophy and presence or absence of obstructive processes. The most common obstructive process is dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DLVOTO) in association with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM), identified in up to 30% of cats with HCM. The presence of this finding in cats with HCM constitutes a diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, or HOCM. Elevations in both NTproBNP and cTnI have been documented in cats with HCM/HOCM but whether differential elevations in these markers occurs in cats with HCM vs cats with HOCM has not been thoroughly investigated. So, Seo et al out of the United Kingdom wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Biomarker changes with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The authors also aimed to determine what other relevant clinical factors might affect the degree of elevation of NTproBNP and/or cTnI. They hypothesized that cats with obstructive disease would have higher elevations in these biomarkers than those without.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss heartworm disease in dogs. So, what do you need to know aboout heartworm disease and what's the latest in treatment for heartworm? We review a paper by Savadelis et al entitled "Clinical assessment of heartworm-infected Beagles treated with a combination of imidacloprid/moxidectin and doxycycline, or untreated". The primary purpose of the study at hand was to describe clinical and necropsy findings in dogs with experimentally-infected heartworm disease receiving this treatment regimen, compared with untreated control dogs. Does slow-kill heartworm treatment work over traditional Immiticide therapy?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Kate Baker, MS, DACVP on why veterinary pathologists are an important part of your veterinary team, whether you're in general practice or emergency practice. Find out more about Dr. Kate Baker and how digital cytology can help your veterinary practice. Tune into this podcast to learn it!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Natalie Marks, DVM, CVJ on the state of feline medicalization (only 36% of cats ever see a veterinarian, compared to 79% of dogs), and how veterinary practices can improve feline patient visits and keep cats coming back year after year. We'll cover the reasons for poor patient retention post-kittenhood, and learn how to capitalize on those all-important kitten visits. We'll explore how to implement easy cat-friendly protocols in any practice and improve communication with cat owners to help them value wellness exams and preventive care (vaccines, routine diagnostics, and preventive care) for both indoor and outdoor cats. Dr. Marks has been training practices for several years in this area of expertise, and has presented at AAFP, WVC, and numerous other conferences on this topic.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Andrew Jackson, DACVS on pain management. What's new in pain management, and how can we implement good multi-modal analgesic therapy in our veterinary patients? He'll discuss when and how to use liposomal bupivacaine in your patients, what the indications and contraindications are for using local blocks, and when we should be incorporating local anesthetics into surgical procedures. Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Elanco, makers of Nocita. Provide up to 72-hours of post-operative pain relief from a single administration with the only FDA approved long-acting local anesthetic for dogs and cats. For more information, visit nocita-vet.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Brian Aldridge, DACVIM (LA) on life hacks for veterinary students! When it comes to finding a "job" in this veterinary profession, what do you need to know? What do you need to know when it comes to getting "A"'s in veterinary school, graduating, paying off your veterinary student debt or following your career path? Learn it with this heart-warming conversation between Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Aldridge.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Cheryl London, PhD, DACVIM (Oncology) on what's new in oncology, from new updates in diagnosing cancer to using liquid biopsy to understanding how immunotherapy plans a role to finding out what Precision Cancer treatments are! If you diagnose dogs or cats with cancer, tune in to learn more about the updates in veterinary oncology!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Julie Menard, DACVECC, on what's new with emesis induction in dogs. When it comes to poison ingestion by our canine patients, when should we be inducing emesis, and what are the contraindications? Should we be inducing emesis with every toxin? What's new with emetics? Learn it here! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Vetoquinol, makers of Clevor, the only FDA-approved emetic agent for dogs. For more information and prescribing directions, go to https://www.vetoquinolusa.com/clevor-info.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Neil Shaw, DACVIM on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in veterinary medicine. What is the role of technology and AI in radiology, and can this help veterinary professionals with time management, diagnostic quality, and overall improvements in veterinary medicine globally? Tune in as we learn about the use of AI in veterinary medicine, specifically in the area of diagnostic imaging and radiographic interpretation. Today's VETgirl's podcast is sponsored by SignalPET. SignalPET's advanced technology utilizes machine learning and artificial intelligence to assess radiographs in real-time for normals and abnormals on 50+ radiographic tests. You take x-rays. Your images instantly get reviewed by SignalPET's AI. And you get your test results in addition to a custom client-facing radiology report, in just 10 minutes or less. Help your veterinary team provide faster intervention, less expensive care, and enhanced patient outcomes during radiographic procedures. Visit www.signalpet.com/vetgirl for more information.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Natalie Marks, CVJ on the role of the veterinary health care team on managing pet diabetes. Tune in to learn what every veterinary staff member should know about diabetes mellitus, and how the practice team can help with best client communication with pet owners. Find out what the most common questions are that pet parents ask about diabetes mellitus, and how the veterinary team can help!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we will discuss proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucoceles (GBMs). Lindaberry et al from NCSU wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation: A retrospective case control study." In this study, the authors tackled an important first step in answering such questions. The primary objective of this study was to determine if GBM formation or specific clinicopathologic comorbidities were associated with proteinuria in dogs. This was a retrospective case-control study; dogs in the current study had been previously enrolled in a separate case-control study at NCSU involving GBMs. Those dogs had been recruited prospectively between 2014 and 2017 after being diagnosed with a GBM via ultrasonography, and if the pup had surgery or was euthanized, gross and histopathology reports were used to confirm the diagnosis. The medical records from these cases were reviewed for inclusion in the present study, which required that dogs had a CBC, serum biochemical profile, and urinalysis within a month of the ultrasound. Healthy controls also had these diagnostics performed, as well as a focal hepatobiliary ultrasound. All dogs also had an ACTH stimulation test and thyroid panel (consisting of T4, free T4, TSH, T4AA, T3AA, TgAA) performed. When dogs were initially recruited for the previous study, they were excluded if they had treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid, topical or systemic corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, furosemide, sulfa-containing drugs, or fatty acid supplements within 2 months. Reproductively intact dogs or those with clinical signs suggestive of an endocrinopathy were also excluded.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Michael James, MHA, PHR, LVT, Hospital Administrator at ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospitals, on the top 10 hiring errors made in veterinary medicine. Find out what some of the best questions to ask a veterinary job candidate before hiring them, so you can best identify if your applicant will have a "good attitude" at work? Tune in to see if working interviews are really necessary in veterinary medicine, and how to ensure that your hiring processes are fair. If you're truly trying to find the best candidate, tune in to this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the utility of bile acid measurements in dogs with various forms of liver disease. Serum bile acids (SBAs) are a common diagnostic test performed in small animal medicine, primarily used to assess liver function. As you know, bile acids are typically measured by performing two separate blood draws. They are first measured with the dog fasted, followed by a postprandial measurement taken 2 hours after eating. The postprandial measurement offers even more sensitive detection of abnormalities, in that clearance of bile acids is challenged by the surge that occurs from eating. When we observe abnormally elevated bile acid levels, there are three broad categories of problems this could indicate. One is liver dysfunction, as bile acids are not being cleared effectively by the liver itself. The second is abnormal blood flow, such as a portosystemic shunt. In this scenario, bile acids are bypassing the liver, and thereby not being cleared from the bloodstream. Lastly, bile stasis for any reason can result in elevated serum bile acids, due to impared excretion. While measurement of SBAs may help identify that a problem is present and offer a sense of the severity of the problem, the assay is less helpful in defining what the underlying problem actually is. So, Pena-Ramos et al sought to compare fasted and postprandial SBAs and to determine their sensitivity and specificity in the context of different types of liver disease in dogs.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Tammy Grubb, PhD, DACVAA about what's new with local anesthetics in our canine and feline patients. Tune in to learn what the top 3 mistakes veterinary professionals make when it comes to pain management, what the indications and contraindications are for using local blocks, and when we should be incorporating local anesthetics into surgical procedures. Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Elanco, makers of Nocita. Provide up to 72-hours of post-operative pain relief from a single administration with the only FDA approved long-acting local anesthetic for dogs and cats. For more information, visit nocita-vet.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl's Chief Happiness Officer, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical veterinary social worker, discusses what we veterinary professionals can do to take care of ourselves and our colleagues. What can we do to look after our own mental wellness and self-care, and how, as a community, can we help prevent suicide in our field?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Andrew Hanzlicek, DACVIM, Veterinary Medical Director at Miravista Veterinary Diagnostics on everything you need to know about systemic mycoses infections in veterinary medicine. If you're not well versed in the clinical signs, treatment, and diagnostic work-up for blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis, tune in to learn it! Plus, we'll discuss what types of antifungals to reach for and how to monitor their effect! Today's VETgirl podcast is brought to you by MiraVista Veterinary Diagnostics, where we offer a wide array of diagnostic tests for systemic mycoses such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis as well as therapeutic drug monitoring for itraconazole. Our educational resource library provides guidelines to inform diagnostic and treatment decision making as well as current publications for reference. For more information and to receive educational newsletters, visit miravistavets.com.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss diagnostic considerations for gastrointestinal (GI) biopsy samples from those ever-frustrating feline enteropathy cases. I am sure you have all had your fair share of writing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) versus GI lymphoma (LSA) as the diagnosis in cat medical records and getting biopsy results of lymphocytic plasmocytic something! These two common GI diseases can have similar clinical presentations in cats, and even when owners allow aggressive diagnostics, the conditions can prove challenging to differentiate. Biopsy samples of the GI tract can be obtained surgically or endoscopically. Typically they are simply submitted for routine histopathology, but additional testing such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) or clonality testing can be performed as well. So, Chow et al wanted to evaluate whether the addition of IHC and clonality testing to routine histopathology of intestinal biopsy samples improves our ability to differentiate IBD from LSA in cats in their study entitled Comprehensive comparison of upper and lower endoscopic small intestinal biopsy in cats with chronic enteropathy. This study also adds another layer to this question, in that they obtained biopsies from both the upper small intestine (USI) and lower small intestine (LSI). The authors note that a previous study looking at both duodenal and ileal endoscopic biopsies showed discrepancies, suggesting that by obtaining both samples we could improve our diagnostic accuracy (Scott). However, that study did not perform IHC or clonality testing in all cases. Therefore, Chow et al not only investigated how adding IHC and clonality testing affects results, but it also assessed the agreement between USI and LSI diagnostic results in light of these additional diagnostics.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) reviews fluid therapy in veterinary medicine. Does it matter what type of IV fluids you reach for? Should you reach for an isotonic fluid? What about a colloid? Does IV fluid therapy make a difference in patients regardless of what type of IV fluid bag you reach for?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl's Chief Happiness Officer, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical veterinary social worker, discusses what a well-being consult is, and why we as veterinary professionals should consider them! The biggest "themes" of stressors in veterinary medicine include having too many fires and too little energy, particularly with home/work strain; concerns about structural issues in practices that make it impossible to successfully work with/recover from COVID strain; and career disappointment. Tune in to learn how we as veterinary professionals can get our feet underneath us and restore balance, or find a workable solution for themselves.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC give some clues on how to be a more efficient veterinarian. If you want to improve your quality of life in veterinary medicine or want to learn how to get better work-life balance in veterinary medicine, tune in for some life hacks!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Natalie Marks on what you need to know about dog flu/H3N2/H3N8. After surviving a H3N2 outbreak in March of 2015 in Chicago, she'll weigh in on some important questions that veterinary professionals and pet owners have on dog flu. Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Merck Animal Health, makers of the Nobivac Canine Flu ®Bivalent H3N2/H3N8. For more information, go to www.dogflu.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review everything you need to know about dystocias and Caesarean-section (C-section) of the veterinary patient. Dystocia refers to the difficulty, or inability to pass a fetus through the birth canal.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast,we will discuss transtracheal washes (TTW) and endotracheal washes (ETW) in dogs. Both types of tracheal washes (TW) offer clinicians an opportunity to sample the airways that avoids the required cost, equipment, or expertise of bronchoscopy. Cytology and bacterial culture of airway samples can provide essential diagnostic information, yet it is not always clear which type of TW should be recommended. Does one method provide superior results? Do patient variables or clinical suspicions influence which method to choose? Does ETW increase the risk of oral bacterial contamination? These are the types of questions that are commonly heard when discussing TW methods, and a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each method also help when interpreting results. For this reason, Graham et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled "Factors associated with clinical interpretation of tracheal wash fluid from dogs with respiratory disease: 281 cases (2012-2017)." In this study, the authors compared the cytology and culture results of ETW and TTW. They wanted to determine if diagnostic results were comparable between methods, and how often discrepancies were observed.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss urinary incontinence in cats. Urinary incontinence can occur in cats, although less commonly than in dogs. Large, comprehensive studies investigating feline urinary incontinence are largely lacking from the veterinary literature. For this reason, Lonc et al wanted to evaluate this in a much needed study entitled "Retrospective analysis of diagnoses and outcomes of 45 cats with micturition disorders presenting as urinary incontinence." In this study, the authors wanted to evaluate the causes, comorbidities, and outcomes of cats presenting with UI to a veterinarian.

In this VETgirl-Zoetis online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Ashley Bourgeois, DACVD, the "Derm Vet," on all things atopic dermatitis related. Dr. Bourgeois practices as a board-certified dermatologist at Animal Dermatology Clinic inPortland, OR. Here, she'll discuss how you can "ditch the itch" and get your veterinary practice ready for Itchy Pet Awareness Month in August. Learn how to better communicate with your derm clients and set expectations on management and treatment of this life-long disease!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the use of flash glucose monitoring systems (FGMS) in the management of dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Emerging evidence has promoted the use of FGMS devices for measuring interstitial glucose (IG) levels in diabetics, and using this information as a patient management tool. In fact, you may have even noticed commercials for such devices, which are becoming increasingly popular for humans with diabetes mellitus. Essentially the FGMS consists of a small, disc-shaped sensor that is placed on a shaved patch of skin, typically near the base of the neck in dogs. Interstitial glucose concentrations are read, and the data is stored and made available through a reader device, such as a smartphone. The ability to obtain more frequent glucose assessments without repeated blood draws is clearly appealing! While this device has been investigated in dogs with diabetes mellitus, there is little information about its performance specifically in the setting of DKA. Therefore, in a recent study by Malerba et al entitled Accuracy of a flash glucose monitoring system in dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis, the authors sought to assess the performance and accuracy of FGMS in dogs with DKA.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Raj Naik, DACVN on the use of probiotics in dogs and cats. Do probiotics work, and what specific type should you be reaching for and when? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Supplements, a leader in therapeutic nutrition. Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Supplements develops innovative, targeted products backed by research, as well as offers online education, home delivery and other resources to support your staff and business. To learn more, visit PurinaProPlanVets.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome in puppies. Lately it seems that microbiome talk is all the rage! We are inundated with commercials for probiotics, catchy news articles about the microbiome, and news of novel medical treatments like fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs). In parallel to the newsworthy buzzwords, we are also seeing a tsunami of research being released about the microbiome, ranging across a broad spectrum of animal species, environmental ecosystems, and states of health and disease. Small animal veterinarians have joined this conversation as well, with plenty of exciting research being published regarding various aspects of canine and feline microbial communities. However, the development of the gut microbiome in puppies after birth and before doggy adulthood is one area where our research is lacking. So, Blake et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Developmental stages in microbiota, bile acids, and clostridial species in healthy puppies to examine the composition of the fecal microbiome and fecal bile acid profiles in puppies, young adult dogs, and adult dogs.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the clinical presentation, cardiovascular findings, etiology, and outcome of myocarditis in dogs. Myocarditis, or inflammation of the myocardium, is not well studied in dogs but can occur secondary to infectious and noninfectious etiologies. Lakhdhir et al out of Iowa State University and NCSU wanted to describe the clinical and diagnostic findings in dogs with both presumptive and confirmed myocarditis, as well as to identify etiologies and evaluate treatment, and report outcome in a study entitled "Clinical presentation, cardiovascular findings, etiology, and outcome of myocarditis in dogs: 645 cases with presumptive antemortem diagnosis (26 confirmed postmortem) and 137 cases with postmortem diagnosis only (2004-2017)."

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Ryan Gouptil and Dr. Megan Davis, DACVECC on the use of percutaneous biliary drainage and octreotide (injectable milk thistle) for dogs with Amanita mushroom poisoning. In a recent publication entitled Clinical recovery of 5 dogs from amatoxin mushroom poisoning using an adapted Santa Cruz protocol for people, the co-authors review the dangers of mushroom, general approach to poisoning, how Amanita mushroom toxicity needs to be rapidly recognized and treated, and how to implement percutaneous biliary draining and the use of octretide (called the Santa Cruz method in human medicine) to help increase survival.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Wayne Rosenkrantz, DACVD of Animal Dermatology Group. If you see patients with canine otitis (which you do!), find out why it's so important to find the primary cause of otitis, tips for performing a good otoscopic exam, whether or not to use topical versus systemic therapies for otitis externa, or whether to perform a culture/sensitivity on that ear! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Merck Animal Health, makers of makers of Mometamax.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Carolina Medina, DACVSMR, CVA, CVCH, CVPP about osteoarthritis (OA) in our canine and feline patients. What mistakes should we avoid when it comes to diagnosis, management and treatment of osteoarthritis in veterinary medicine? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Elanco, makers of Galliprant. Provide relief from canine osteoarthritis for the moments that matter! For more information, visit galliprantvet.com.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS discuss blood pressure in veterinary medicine. Learn how we measure it, what it means or represents, and when we should be concerned about hypotension or hypertension in our veterinary patients!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the CARPODIEM study in veterinary medicine, which looks at how well oral torasemide works in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease and new onset congestive heart failure. If you're still 'scipting out furosemide to your heart murmur patients, listen up. Torsemide (aka Torasemide) is a loop diuretic with greater potency, longer duration of action, and smoother diuretic effect than furosemide. Recent data in dogs has indicated that the dose correlation of torsemide to furosemide is nonlinear -; at doses less than 0.2 mg/kg/day, torsemide is approximately 10X more potent than furosemide, but at doses greater than 0.2 mg/kg/day, that potency factor is closer to twenty. Torsemide's duration of action is twelve hours in oral form in dogs compared with six hours for furosemide.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Amy Pike, DACVB on separation anxiety, COVID, cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) and all things behavior! With COVID, what should we veterinary professionals do with the spike in separation anxiety once pet owners return to work? Tune in to learn all about all things behavioral, including natural and prescription behavioral medications to reach for, and how to identify, recognize and treat behavioral problems in veterinary medicine. Finally, are you recognizing cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) in dogs and cats? An often under-diagnosed medical condition, find out what we can do to help recognize CDS more readily and monitor its progression in dogs. As CDS affects an estimated 14% of dogs over 8 years of age, tune in to learn what you can do to combat age-related neurodegeneration.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS discuss superstitions in veterinary medicine. Why are we so superstitious as veterinarians and veterinary technicians within our field? Does commenting on the vein prior to catheterization or saying ""Have a slow night?" and "It's a full moon" really jinx us?

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Audrey Cook, BVM&S, MSc Vet Ed, MRCVS, DACVIM, DECVIM, DABVP (Feline Practice), Professor at Texas A&M University on weight loss during chronic diseases in our canine and feline patients. We see so many diseases chronically that affect nutritional intact -; cancer, CRF, cardiac cachexia. In this podcast, we'll discuss the biggest mistakes that veterinary professionals make with long term management of chronic diseases? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Elanco, makers of Elura and Entyce. Don't wait for weight loss in your patients with chronic diseases! For more information, visit virtual.elanco.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Lindsey Bullen, DACVN, on all things new in veterinary nutrition. Find out what the most important nutrient level is to manipulate in your renal patients, and what the differences are between therapeutic renal diets. Should we be supplementing or using omega-3 fatty acids for our kidney patients, and how do we help educate pet owners on the importance of nutrition, particularly with our renal patients? Tune into this VETgirl podcast to learn more! Today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast is sponsored by New Royal Canin Vital Support, the science-based diets made especially for aging pets. Learn how you can proactively address the renal, mobility and cardiac needs of your patients at royalcanin.com/vitalsupport.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we're excited to have Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS discuss what a veterinary technician specialist is. Is it worth those extra initials? What does the training entail?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Richard T. Marconi. You're probably wondering why we're interviewing him, but Dr. Marconi has given numerous Zoetis-sponsored VETgirl podcasts on Lyme disease. The main reason why? To introduce you to the scientist behind the Lyme disease vaccine and all the research!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss when heartworm patients face complications. Most dogs with adult heartworm infection can be treated and recover without serious complications, particularly if their infections are diagnosed early. But what about those patients with more advanced infection? Today, our guest is Dr. Marisa Ames, DACVIM, a veterinary cardiologist and Associate Professor at the UC Davis. Dr. Ames serves on the board of directors of the American Heartworm Society. Tune in to learn what factors put dogs at increased risk of experiencing complications during heartworm treatment, what some of the more common complications of canine heartworm infection are, how to treat pulmonary hypertension, and what you need to know about caval syndrome.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss what the best treatment protocol for your heartworm-positive patient is. Here's something no veterinarian wants to tell a client: “Your dog has heartworm disease.” We know the pet is headed for a multi-step, expensive regimen of medications as well as months of cage rest and exercise restriction. Given these challenges, it's not surprising that many owners ask their veterinarians about alternative treatment protocols. Today we are joined by Dr. Andy Moorhead, who is a veterinary parasitologist and an assistant professor on the faculty of the University of Georgia. He also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society. Tune in to learn what the AHS heartworm treatment protocol entails and why it includes the steps it does. Find out about "slow kill" treatment, and how it differs from traditional protocols with melarsomine.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss you need to know about heartworm disease in cats. We know cats contract heartworms just like dogs, through the bite of an infected mosquito. We know that heartworms can be deadly in cats. And that heartworm preventives are highly effective in preventing disease. Yet there are many differences and much that veterinarians simply don't know about heartworm disease in cats. Today, our guest is Dr. Tom Nelson, who is Medical Director of the Animal Medical Centers of Northeast Alabama in Anniston, Alabama, and Research Chair on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society. Tune in to learn how heartworm disease itself is a very different disease in cats versus dogs, and why the American Heartworm Society recommend that ALL cats be protected from heartworms even if they live indoors? Learn when and how cats should be tested, and what the AHS guidelines say about treatment of adult heartworms in infected cats.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss diagnostic dilemmas with heartworm disease. The diagnosis of heartworm disease may seem like a straightforward issue, thanks to the availability of accurate, easy-to-use patient-side tests that detect the presence of heartworm antigen in the blood of pets being screened annually for heartworm disease. But is heartworm testing foolproof? Today we're joined by Dr. Lindsay Starkey, a veterinary parasitologist and an assistant professor on the faculty of Auburn University. Dr. Starkey also serves on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society. Tune in to learn what the AHS recommends for heartworm screening and why, along with how to interpret “weakly” or “borderline” positive antigen tests. She'll discuss when additional screening tests are warranted, and how often to re-test positive dogs. But don't forget about cats! Find out what the AHS recommends for heartworm screening in cats, and whether you should use antigen or antibody testing... or both!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss transport of the heartworm-positive dog. Heartworm disease has been diagnosed in all 50 states, over the years moving from traditionally endemic areas to areas of the country where heartworm infection was once considered uncommon. Today, we're joined by Dr. Brian DiGangi, a diplomate of ABVP in canine and feline practice as well as shelter medicine. Dr. DiGangi is a senior director of Shelter Medicine with the ASPCA, a past-president of the Association of Shelter Veterinarians and a current officer on the American Heartworm Society board of directors. Tune in to learn how shelter veterinarians are addressing heartworm in their day-to-day work, what standards they are following in reducing the spread of infectious diseases such as heartworm disease, and what we can do to help protect pets from heartworm infection.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Galina Hayes, BVSc, PhD, MRCVS, PhD, DACVS, DACVECC on her recent study entitled A multicenter observational study investigating care errors, staffing levels, and workload in small animal intensive care units. With veterinary clinics at capacity and really busy, is caseload affecting quality of nursing care? Find out how often medical errors and nursing errors can occur, based on staffing levels and caseload.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss different treatment protocols for canine Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), including the use of aerosolized antimicrobial therapy, specifically the aminoglycoside, gentamicin. In a study by Canonne et al, the authors wanted to evaluate the clinical response in dogs affected by Bb when administered 2 distinct protocols of aerosolized gentamicin.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Andrew Rosenberg, DACVD on the top 5 mistakes to avoid with atopic dermatitis. Find out the importance of getting a thorough history, to performing an appropriate diet trial, doing cytology, to doing more tape preps and more! Learn it in this VETgirl podcast! Today's VETgirl podcast is sponsored by Elanco, makers of Atopica, Baytril Otic, Claro, and a whole range of shampoos, rinses and flushes to help you manage your dermatology cases. To learn more, visit www.Elanco.com.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss aortic thrombi (ATh) in dogs. If you are like this VETgirl, when you hear of an aortic thrombus your mind may jump to the dreaded feline cardiac case that presents yowling in distress from an aortic thromboembolism (ATE) and giving heart palpitations to everyone on your staff. In fact, you may be trying to remember if you have ever managed a canine patient with an ATh. While small animal clinicians manage many types of thromboembolic diseases, the presence of a true canine ATh is not a commonly recognized complication in this VETgirl's experience. Recently a very helpful consensus on antithrombotic use was published, yet there are relatively few large-scale studies evaluating canine ATh in the veterinary literature (deLaforcade). Therefore in this study by Ruehl et al, the authors sought to expand upon this area, and they describe risk factors, treatments, and outcome in a cohort of dogs diagnosed with ATh.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we're excited to have Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS discuss what's defined as quality veterinary medicine. Quality starts from the customer service representative (CSR), front desk staff, team member, to veterinary technician to veterinarian. What can we do to improve quality within our veterinary clinic?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Kate Hopper BVSc, DACVECC, PhD from UC Davis on a recent publication entitled Etiology and prognosis for dogs with abnormal blood glucose concentrations evaluated in an emergency room. For as often as we monitor blood glucose (BG), does it make a difference on outcome and prognosis? How often should we be monitoring blood glucose in our critically ill, emergent patients? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection in dogs. In this podcast, we review a study entitled "Comparison of cerebellomedullary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs with neurological disease" by Lambe et al. In this study, the authors compared CSF samples collected from the CM and lumbar cisterns in dogs that were undergoing MRI and CSF collection for CNS disease.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Monique Feyrecilde, CVT, VTS (Behavior) on how to prepare puppies and kittens for veterinary visits (or grooming visits). What can we do to minimize stress in our young, pediatric patients?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the DELAY study, which stands for the "DELay of Appearance of sYmptoms of Canine Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease treated with spironolactone and benazepril." If you see small dogs diagnosed with heart murmurs, then keep on listening, as this one is important. Now, most of us feel comfortable grading heart murmurs, taking chest radiographs, and starting dogs on pimobendan, right? But does it work? When should we add in a diuretic - and if we do, which type should we reach for? Furosemide, the common loop diuretic, or spironolactone, the potassium-sparing one? Does it make a difference? When do we reach for an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor? Over the years, I've noticed more cardiologists switching from furosemide to spironolactone, but what's the evidence?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Tina Wismer, DABT, DABVT, Senior Director at the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center on a recent publication in JAVMA entitled Companion animal exposures to potentially poisonous substances reported to a national poison control center in the United States in 2005 through 2014. While most poisoning cases have a good prognosis, learn about the ones that can result in fatalities such as fluorouracil (5-FU) and bifenthrin.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review bacteriuria in dogs with chronic paralysis. Unfortunately, the majority of small animal clinicians have dealt with their fair share of the dachshund or other poor pup presenting with paraplegia secondary to intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) or other diseases. In the midst of the numerous difficult conversations that such cases require, the risk of future urinary tract infections (UTIs) is likely not the first thing to come to mind. Yet in humans, UTIs and sepsis are a serious concern with paralysis. In dogs with chronic paralysis, how do we handle the urinalysis with bacteriuria? It can be difficult to determine the clinical implications of such a finding, yet in the age of antimicrobial stewardship, many clinicians are seeking guidance on when to treat such a patient with antibiotics. Therefore, in a study entitled “The frequency and clinical implications of bacteriuria in chronically paralyzed dogs”, the authors investigate chronically paralyzed dogs to determine the frequency of bacteriuria, the presence of clinical signs associated with bacteriuria, and the survival rate in such patients.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of benazepril in cats with cardiac disease. Despite a wide variety of medications used to treat heart disease in cats, there is little prospective data to support a definitive benefit with use of any medication in cats with heart disease. Previous data has established a benefit for the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in humans and dogs with congestive heart failure. But what about cats? Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a known phenomenon in cats with heart disease. So King et al (and I mean ALL) wanted to evaluate this in a study published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine in 2019 entitled Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The authors of this study posited that benazepril, an ACE inhibitor, might provide benefit to cats with heart disease, regardless of type.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Amy Stone, Clinical Assistant Professor at University of Florida on the newest 2020 AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination Guidelines. How should we communicating with pet owners when it comes to keep our feline patients safe from infectious diseases like Feline Leukemia (FeLV)? How do we change our core vs. non-core vaccinations when it comes to shelter medicine, an indoor versus indoor/outdoor cat, or a young kitten. Learn it here in this VETgirl podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Monique Feyrecilde, CVT, VTS (Behavior) on behavioral euthanasia in veterinary medicine. While this is a taboo and hard-to-discuss topic, it's an important ethical topic we must discuss as veterinary professionals.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review Trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, which is caused by the protozoal parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is the most common cause of infectious myocarditis in humans. The primary means by which T. cruzi is transmitted is via introduction of feces from triatomine insects -; otherwise known as “Kissing” bugs -; into bug bites or mucous membranes, or ingestion of the bugs/feces themselves. It can also be transmitted from mother to fetus via the placenta. Not all humans or dogs that develop infection with T. cruzi experience clinical signs. Those that do may experience severe signs such as sudden death or chronic heart failure. The most common geographic region for T. cruzi infection in the United States is the southwest, particularly Texas, in part due to an abundant wild animal reservoir. Seroprevalence has been reported as far east as Virginia and Georgia.

In this podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) interviews Samantha Kowalski, CVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM) on end-of-life decision making, hospice care, and euthanasia in veterinary medicine. Samantha is a veterinary technician at Veterinary Emergency & Specialty Hospital in South Deerfield, MA. She received her VTS in Emergency and Critical Care in 2011 and in 2016 obtained her VTS in Small Animal Internal Medicine. Tune in to learn more about the controversy and ethical dilemma of euthanasia and end-of-life decision making and hospice care in veterinary medicine.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Monique Feyrecilde, CVT, VTS (Behavior) on how to introduce a new dog or cat to the household. If you have pet owners looking to get a new pet, learn the best ways to educate the pet owner and safely acclimate the new pet.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the use of radiotherapy in dogs suffering from brain tumor-associated seizures. In a study by Susana et al, the authors investigate 2 clinically relevant parameters in dogs with brain tumors that are being treated with radiotherapy.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review cardiac cachexia in cats with congestive heart failure (CHF) - does it affect their prognosis and outcome? Cachexia, or bodily wasting in the form of muscle and weight loss, is a common systemic effect of numerous chronic diseases, including CHF.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Patty Lathan, DACVIM on diabetes mellitus. What are the top 3 mistakes to avoid with our diabetic patients? What do veterinarians need to know about updates in insulin therapy? Just how important is diet's role, and should we having pet owners monitor blood glucose at home?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) of VETgirl reviews approach to the hit-by-car trauma patients for veterinary technicians! What do you need to assess? How do you triage the HBC patient? Learn it here!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Nicola Pusterla, DVM, PhD, DACVIM on serum amyloid a (SAA) in horses as a marker of acute inflammation in horses. When should equine veterinarians be considering the point-of-care use of SAA in horses, and how can they use SAA to monitor response to treatment? Is it affected by NSAIDs or steroids? Learn it in this VETgirl equine veterinary podcast!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs, and whether ionized calcium levels can be used to predict hypocalcemia following treatment for PHPT. that in this condition, the parathyroid gland produces excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone, resulting in hypercalcemia.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review prognostic indicators in septic peritonitis in cats. In a study by Scotti et al, find out what parameters to look for in our veterinary patients to see if we can improve the survival in cats diagnosed with septic peritonitis. Peritonitis, referring simply to inflammation of the peritoneum, can be classified as septic via a positive bacterial culture, the presence of intracellular bacteria on effusion cytology, or confirmed visceral perforation.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Chris Adolph, DVM on heartworm disease in dogs - what do we need to know, and why are we seeing resistance despite preventatives? What do you need to know about ProHeart vs. oral preventatives?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the features and outcome in dogs that were treated with sildenafil -; yes, Viagra -; for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition of elevated pulmonary artery pressure that is currently divided into five distinct groups in humans based on etiology by the World Health Organization (WHO). Similar divisions by the veterinary community (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Consensus Statement) are currently in process. The current WHO divisions include:

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review canine anaphylaxis. What do the signs of severe canine anaphylaxis look like, and what is the mortality? Is the prognosis good? In this study, 85.1% of dogs survived. Coagulopathy, gallbladder wall edema, and abdominal effusions are a relatively common occurrence in canine anaphylaxis. Serum phosphorus levels greater than 12 mg/dL, refractory hypoglycemia, and PT prolongation greater than 50% are correlated with a decreased chance of survival.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Kristin Kirby Shaw DACVS, PhD, DACVSMR on how we veterinary professionals can treat canine osteoarthritis. What are the earliest signs of pain to look for in our canine patients? What are signs of pain that pet owners often overlook or don't see as a sign of pain? What type of pain control in dogs should be using for analgesia and to reduce inflammation, and why is a multi-modal approach so important for managing osteoarthritis? Learn it with this VETgirl podcast! This podcast is sponsored by Zoetis.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the effects of emotional stress on urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratios in dogs. We review a study by Citron et al entitled "Urine cortisol-creatinine and protein-creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital."

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review outpatient therapy for canine parvovirus (CPV). Canine parvovirus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in young dogs, and unfortunately most small animal practitioners have observed first-hand the destruction this virus can cause. Dogs diagnosed with CPV can require intensive therapy and prolonged hospitalization, which can make this an expensive disease to treat. In this study by Perley and et al entitled "Retrospective evaluation of outpatient canine parvovirus treatment in a shelter-based low-cost urban clinic," an outpatient treatment protocol for CPV was evaluated in a low-cost urban clinic at which inpatient treatment was not possible and owners shared responsibility for patient care.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review Tritrichomonas foetus testing in cats! T. foetus is a flagellated protozoan organism that causes large-bowel diarrhea in cats. Collection via fecal loop versus colonic flush is imperative.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Natalie Marks on canine leptospirosis. What's new, and how has the signalment for dogs affected by lepto changed? What are the classical clinical signs we should recognize in our canine patients? How do we treat canine leptospirosis and what can we do to prevent it?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review pleural effusion in cats. Unfortunately, this is a situation many of you have likely faced. A cat presents to your clinic with tachypnea and decreased lung sounds on thoracic auscultation, perhaps a low pulse oximeter reading, and of course those all-too-familiar radiographs revealing small, sad lungs floating in an ocean of fluid. These cases can be profoundly stressful for the patient, doctor, and client alike. As a clinician, you must quickly juggle patient stabilization and client communication, along with any other cases that you are managing. Typically, stabilization involves some combination of oxygen therapy and sedation as needed, and of course an integral part of this process is a diagnostic and/or therapeutic thoracocentesis.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in German Shepherd Dogs (GSD). While this isn't a common problem, GSDs seem to be over-represented. When diagnosing a PDA, it's important that a board-certified veterinary cardiologist perform appropriate diagnostic work up (e.g., echocardiography). Angiographic classification of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) based on anatomical characteristics is important to determine treatment options. Traditional variations of a conical-shaped PDA (described as types I, IIa, and IIb) allow for successful closure via catheter-based transvascular techniques, whereby a device (such as the Amplatz canine ductal occluder, or ACDO) is used to occlude/embolize the PDA through arterial or venous access. Recently, type IV (multiple narrowings) and type V (all other variations) have been added to the list of anatomical classifications. Type III designation has classically been used to describe a tubular-shaped PDA which does not taper at the distal end (pulmonary artery side) and is not generally amenable to minimally-invasive interventional procedures due to high likelihood of device dislodgement. Closure of type III PDAs is generally performed by direct surgical ligation via thoracotomy as a result.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review feline acquired myasthenia gravis (AMG). Mignan et al wanted to determine the long-term outcome of cats afflicted by AMG in a study entitled "Long-term outcome of cats with acquired myasthenia gravis without evidence of a cranial mediastinal mass."

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Steven Budsberg, DVM, MS, DACVS, a Full Professor at University of Georgia (Go, Dawgs!) on the management of osteoarthritis and chronic pain in our veterinary patients. Tune into this VETgirl podcast to learn how common osteoarthritis (OA) is in dogs and cats, how their presentation, progression and treatment is different between cats and dogs, and what the role that inflammation plays in OA. Also, learn why you shouldn't be hesitant on implementing NSAIDs in your OA patients, as pain control is so important - especially in our geriatric population. Learn new targets for therapy, such as Nerve Growth Factor, and how they may impact our current approach to pain management of OA in our veterinary patients, and what's new. We also discuss his pivotal study (JAVMA 2018) on the use of tramadol in dogs, and how it has not been found to be effective for analgesia.

In today's VETgirl veterinary CE podcast, we review whether plasma volume expansion occurs in cats after short-term steroid administration. Corticosteroids can have a multitude of effects on the cardiovascular system. Plasma volume is known to increase with corticosteroid administration in cats. Potential mechanisms for plasma volume expansion include mineralocorticoid effects (sodium and water retention via aldosterone receptor activity) and hyperglycemia (with subsequent osmotic fluid shifts) via insulin receptor resistance. Corticosteroids, both endogenous and exogenous, have been demonstrated to have direct effects on myocardial structure and function in humans and dogs, including increased left ventricular wall thickness and diastolic dysfunction. Finally, peripheral vasoconstriction due to corticosteroid activity on vascular smooth muscle may increase afterload.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the impact of music on cats' stress reactions in the veterinary clinic. Hampton et al wanted to evaluate whether cat-specific music could reduce stress and anxiety for cats in a veterinary clinic, and consequently promote calm behaviors.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) on proper care and maintenance of jugular catheters in veterinary medicine. While central lines are not commonly used in general practice, they are very helpful in the critically ill, emergent patient. In this podcast, we review when to use a jugular catheter over other vascular access devices (such as an IV, Long line or PICC lines). We also discuss what the contraindications are for jugular catheter placement, and what is required for proper care and maintenance of a central line.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the use of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in dogs. Mabry et al evaluated the utility of VCE in identifying GI mucosal lesions in a study entitled "Use of video capsule endoscopy to identify GI lesions in dogs with microcytosis or gastrointestinal hemorrhage."

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the cardiorenal and endocrine effects of synthetic canine BNP1-32 in dogs. If you're using pro-BNP to help differentiate pulmonary versus cardiac disease, you need to pay attention. Congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs is relatively common and yet generally carries a poor long-term prognosis with current standard medical therapies [e.g., diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and pimobendan]. Additional therapies remain a topic of investigation. The body's natural diuretic system revolves around the natriuretic peptides, including brain natriuretic peptide (BNP1-32). BNP1-32 causes diuresis, natriuresis, vasodilation, and inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) via binding to natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) and greater production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).

In this VETgirl veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in dogs treated with immunosuppressive medications. If you have an IMHA, ITP, IBD, atopic dog, or IMPA case, are they at risk for infection?

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) on all you need to know about esophagostomy tube placement in veterinary medicine. What's the best way to secure an e-tube so it doesn't migrate or pull out? What's the length to use for an e-tube, and how do you clean the stoma? Find out some great nutritional nursing care tips here.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the prevalence of bacteriuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The ISCAID has recently published their second set of guidelines regarding the treatment of UTIs in dogs and cats (Weese). So, how prevalent are UTIs in dogs with CKD?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) in cats. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) in humans is most classically described as a myocardial disease whereby left ventricular wall thickness is normal, diastolic filling is impaired, and systolic function is affected minimally or not at all. There is significant variety in the actual etiology and clinical manifestations of RCM, however. RCM in cats has thus far generally been described as either a “myocardial” form whereby the myocardium is diffusely affected, or an “endomyocardial” form which involves a bridging endomyocardial scar from the interventricular septum to the left ventricular free wall. There is limited data regarding factors that influence prognosis in RCM in cats. So, Chetboul et al out of France wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001-2015).

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) reviews how to take special care of our senior, geriatric veterinary patients. Keep in mind some of our patients may be suffering from osteoarthritis, sensory deterioration (e.g., blindness, hearing loss, etc.), and cognitive dysfunction and may need some extra time and TLC.

In this VETgirl veterinary continuing education blog, Jeannine Moga, LSW, Chief Happiness Officer of VETgirl, reviews how we can prepare for the "long race" and survive everything right now. If you feeling like you're running on fumes, learn how to adjust for the long race in this VETgirl podcast blog.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review lung utlrasonography use in coughing dogs. Coughing is a common clinical sign associated with a variety of respiratory etiologies in dogs, including dynamic airway collapse, bronchitis, pneumonia, heartworm disease, and neoplasia. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is commonly reported to be associated with coughing in dogs, although there is much debate as to whether this clinical sign could actually be directly attributable to pulmonary edema (which is generally interstitial or alveolar in location) given the distribution of cough receptors primarily in the large airways. It is possible that coughing in dogs with congestive heart failure is due to cardiogenic airway compression, or concurrent primary respiratory disease.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of AV tachycardia in dogs. Accessory pathways (APs) refer to interruptions of the normal fibrous band that forms the junction between the atria and ventricles (AV junction). Such pathways generally consist of myocardial cells that can conduct electrical impulses between the atria and ventricles, which under normal circumstances occurs only at the atrioventricular (AV) node. Accessory pathways may conduct electrical impulses in the anterograde, retrograde, or both anterograde and retrograde directions. Anterograde conduction results in ventricular preexcitation (i.e., depolarization of a portion of the ventricular myocardium independent of the typical conduction pathway). Retrograde conduction across an accessory pathway creates the potential for a macroreentrant circuit incorporating the atrial myocardium, AV node-His-Purkinje system, ventricular myocardium and the accessory pathway. This scenario can result in a form of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) known as orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (OAVRT).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Schwanda Flowers on what you need to know when it comes to financial solutions for veterinary professionals. Interested in buying a veterinary practice? Not sure where to start? Not sure how to find the right business partner? Tune in to learn more about small business ownership!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Rachel Poulin, RVT, VTS talks about how to empower veterinary technicians to have the conversation and deal with client pushback. Learn how you can empower your veterinary technicians to educate the public, leading to greater efficiency for the team.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we review the use of apomorphine as an emetic for treating gastric foreign body ingestions. In full disclosure, VETgirl loves to puke stuff, so keep that in mind. Apomorphine, a commonly used emetic agent in dogs, is generally a very safe, effective (>90%) emetic used for the poisoned patient. BTW, we don't use it much in cats because our feline friends have fewer dopaminergic receptors in the area of the brain responsible for apomorphine's ability to induce nausea and vomiting. For kitties we prefer to use the alpha-2's such as dexmedetomidine, but that's another podcast. (For more information on emesis induction in cats, please refer to the following VETGirl podcast https://vetgirlontherun.com/podcasts/dexmedetomidine-versus-xylazine-emetic-cats-vetgirl-veterinary-continuing-education-podcasts/.) Apomorphine comes in different formulations that can be administered by intravenous, transconjunctival, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes. But can we use it for gastric foreign bodies?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl's Chief Happiness Officer, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical veterinary social worker, discusses veterinary professionals should handle the anxiety and stress of COVID19.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) on what it means to go needle-free in veterinary medicine. If you're not using needle-free extension sets or needle-free valves in your clinic, tune in! In this VETgirl podcast, learn what the different types of needle-free valves are, and what the clinical benefits are of these needle-free sets.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) of VETgirl reviews a blood work “cheatsheat” for veterinary technicians and veterinary assistants. As veterinary staff are typically running the clinical pathology machines, they must be aware of key abnormalities and how to interpret them (and know when to promptly notify the doctor!).

In today's VETgirl veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Zachary Niman, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology) from MedVet on all things neurology. What's the classic signalment of an idiopathic epileptic cat or dog? How do I localize that lesion in the ataxic patient? Learn it here in this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Nyssa Reine-Salz, DVM, DACVIM on the primary urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI), otherwise known as spay incontinence. What treat options are out there for this very common problem?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the incidence of bacteriuria in cats with urethral obstructions (UO). Unfortunately UOs are both a common and potentially life-threatening condition in our feline patients. The fundamental treatment principles for feline UOs include relieving the obstruction via urethral catheterization, immediate stabilization of electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities, cardiovascular stabilization, providing adequate post-obstruction care, and of course instituting preventative measures for the future (Cooper). One of the more controversial aspects of management is the routine use of antimicrobial therapy, and as you all know, we are fierce advocates for antimicrobial stewardship here at VETgirl! Therefore, today we are reviewing an article by Cooper et al entitled Incidence of bacteriuria at presentation and resulting from urinary catheterization in feline urethral obstruction that investigates the incidence of bacteriuria in cats with UOs, both at the time of presentation and following catheterization.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) on what you need to know about nasoesophageal (NE) / nasogastric (NG) feeding tubes. First, who should put them in (e.g., veterinarian? veterinary nurse?)? What size and length should you pick? Do you need to use a stylet or sedation? What are the contraindications for placing an NG or NE tube? Learn about this important but simple procedure to help with nutritional support in your veterinary patient.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Sarah Von Bargen, writer, coach and educator at YesandYes.org. Sarah helps people spend their time, money and energy on purpose. She works from home and provides some great advice on how to survive working from home during this quarantine from COVID-19.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) of VETgirl, reviews a veterinary technician's role during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in veterinary medicine. Learn the updates on RECOVER and how vital the role of the veterinary technician/nurse is during CPR.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review anticoagulant rodenticide (ACR) toxicity in cats. First off, let's have a quick refresher on ACRs in our small animal patients! Remember that ACRs interfere with the production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X by inhibiting an enzyme called vitamin K1 epoxide reductase (DeClementi). When these clotting factor levels drop low enough, the patient can develop clinical manifestations of disease (e.g., hemorrhage).

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the clinical features of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) in dogs. First of all, let's have a quick refresher on what SRMA actually is! You may know this condition by another name, such as beagle pain syndrome, necrotizing vasculitis, or juvenile polyarteritis syndrome (Tipold).

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Candida in dogs and cats. You may recall that Candida species are fungal organisms that form either small yeasts or pseudohyphae (Pappas). While typically considered a commensal organism, Candida can cause disease when normal host defenses fail. Have any of you ever received that surprise urinalysis report with yeast organisms identified? This VETgirl certainly has, and it always causes just a bit of a head scratch! Why did my patient get a yeast UTI? Is this a sign of something more serious? Do I approach this differently than bacterial UTIs? Well, Reagan et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Risk factors for Candida urinary tract infections in dogs and cats.

In this VETGirl podcast, we review complications associated with esophagostomy feeding tube (E-tube) placement in cats and dogs. E-tubes are relatively quick and straightforward to place, which makes them a common procedure in small animal medicine. They are incredibly useful for providing nutritional support, hydration, and administering medications in patients with any number of conditions.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) on the importance of a closed urinary collection system (UCS). Can you use old sterile IV bags, or can they pose a threat to contamination? What's the significance of the anti-reflux valve (e.g., one way valve) in a UCS, and how should I maintain a UCS in the veterinary clinic?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss dosing intervals for desoxycorticosterone pivalate, better known as DOCP, in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism (more commonly called Addison's disease). As many of you have likely experienced, the cost of DOCP can be quite high, particularly for our larger patients.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of telmisartan AGAIN. Just so you don't think you're losing it, we previously discussed telmisartan back a few months ago, but wanted to discuss a similar study but by a different author. And that's because yes -; hypertension is just that common in geriatric cats! If you're not seeing it, you have to ask yourself, are you not doing enough Dopplers on your geriatric feline patients? (If you don't take a temp, you won't find a fever).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Emi Barker, BSc(RVC), BVSc(Bristol), PhD(Bristol), DipECVIM-CA from Bristol Veterinary School on Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). What causes FIP, and what cats get it? How do we veterinarians diagnose it, and is there a treatment or cure in the future?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Sheri Ross, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, the Coordinator of Hemodialysis/ Nephrology/Urology at the University of California Veterinary Medical Center -; San Diego on Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) in cats. Should we be prescribing antimicrobials? What do we do to work up FLUTD? What behavioral, environmental, and nutritional factors play a role in this common disease?

In this VETGirl podcast, we discuss the efficacy of the anti-epileptic medication, levetiracetam, when given rectally in dogs. There are few things more frightening for an owner than witnessing a seizure in their dog, and cluster seizures (CS) and status epilepticus (SE) are particularly scary! Unfortunately as veterinarians, we have somewhat limited emergency interventional options that we can offer to owners when CS or SE occurs at home.

How many of us dread having “the talk” with clients? That one where you brace yourself for the response you know these words are going to elicit from the client across you… “Your pet is obese.” Perhaps an angry client reaction is brought about out of shame for letting their pet get fat, or from the implication that their shower of love and affection in the form of kibble and treats is slowly killing their beloved pet.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we will be reviewing a treatment that is often a bit controversial -; steroids! In particular, we will look at the use of steroids in the treatment of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Steroids may appear attractive to use in this inflammatory disease since glucocorticoids impart anti-inflammatory affects in the body. Glucocorticoids may theoretically improve pancreatic blood flow and in critically ill patients with refractory blood pressure concerns, glucocorticoids are sometimes used to treat suspected (or confirmed) CIRCI. But with the possibility of eliciting negative side effects from steroid use, owing to their unwanted gastrointestinal tract side effects and their immunomodulatory effects, are they worth the risk in treating these patients?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of telmisartan for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats. Systemic hypertension (SH) in aged cats is predominantly due to chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperthyroidism, or considered idiopathic. Downstream end-organ effects of chronic systemic hypertension target the eyes, myocardium, central nervous system, and kidneys (specifically, worsened renal function and proteinuria). Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system contributes to development of SH in many cases and drugs that inhibit this system have treatment potential. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) specifically block the angiotensin II, subtype-1 receptor (AT1) therefore inhibiting angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction, volume retention, sympathetic stimulation, inflammation, and fibrosis.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) discusses the 12 days of Christmas that you should prepare for in time for the holidays! If you work ER, you'll likely be able to resonate… with the pancreatitis, gastroenteritis, linear foreign bodies in cats, pad lacerations and more in your veterinary patients.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of synbiotics as a therapeutic strategy in dogs with antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS). As a quick reminder, synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are defined as products that contain viable microorganisms that are used with the intention of altering the host's microflora in order to confer some sort of health benefit, whereas prebiotics are a type of ingredient that is designed to benefit the host by stimulating the growth or the activity of bacteria (Schrezenmeir).

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl's Chief Happiness Officer, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical veterinary social worker, discusses empathy versus sympathy, and why having compassion yet boundaries is so important in our veterinary field.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Sheri Ross, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, the Coordinator of Hemodialysis/ Nephrology/Urology at the University of California Veterinary Medical Center -; San Diego on chronic kidney disease in cats (and dogs). What's the prognosis?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Nyssa Reine-Salz, DVM, DACVIM on the economics of insulin in veterinary medicine. How important is it for veterinarians to better understand the pet owner's concerns and daily schedule/limitations as a way to help establish a successful insulin treatment protocol for their pet?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview fellow criticalist, Dr. Armelle de Laforcade, DACVECC from Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine on the newest guidelines released by the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care called Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE).

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl's Chief Happiness Officer, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical veterinary social worker, discusses the stigma of mental health in veterinary medicine. What can we do to fight stigma and encourage help-seeking among our veterinary colleagues?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review whether cardiac troponin I is an accurate screening test for the diagnosis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is defined as concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle in the absence of any other identifiable cause, in particular systemic hypertension and hyperthyroidism in cats.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of combining serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and progesterone (P4) levels when diagnosing canine ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS). ORS is a condition in which ovarian tissue is left behind after a female dog has been spayed. Unfortunately, when this happens, the tissue can continue to release hormones that manifest clinically as signs of estrus. As many of our small animal clinicians have learned, suspecting ORS can be easy at times, but diagnosing ORS can prove quite challenging! The diagnostic options for ORS, including vaginal cytology, estrogen levels, various stimulation and other hormonal tests, luteinizing hormone (LH), and imaging, can be overwhelming and possess individual limitations.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of cannabidiol (CBD) in conjunction with conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Not only are seizures a common problem in our canine patients, but idiopathic epilepsy can be an incredibly frustrating and challenging disease to treat. A recent consensus statement on seizure management was released by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, which provides valuable guidance to clinicians when navigating the various AEDs on the market (Podell).

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and right-sided manifestations of congestive heart failure (CHF). Atrial fibrillation (AF) in dogs most commonly develops secondary to distension and structural remodeling of the atrial myocardium in association with either degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Jane Quandt, MS, DACVAA, DACVECC discusses hyperkalemia during general anesthesia in the Greyhound breed. How do we recognize this, and what to do we do if it occurs?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jody Gookin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM from NC State College of Veterinary Medicine about the diagnosis and treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats. What clinical signs does it cause, and why should I care about this bovine parasite in my feline patients?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review aspiration pneumonia in cats. Is it common? What's the prognosis?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether the use of gelatin colloids and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) result in renal tubular injury during shock.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review Cuterebra infections and the occurrence of systemic manifestations of this disease. Many of you have probably seen a case, or at least seen some pretty wild online videos, in which a large, alien-like Cuterebra organism is dramatically pulled out of some poor patient. If not, I recommend that you watch this video immediately!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss canine allergies and what you need to know about Cytopoint.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review two different protocols for trilostane administration in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Hyperadrenocorticism, or Cushing's disease, is one of the most common endocrinopathies of dogs. As you all may remember, naturally occurring Cushing's disease comes in two flavors: pituitary-dependent or adrenal-dependent. Approximately 85% of dogs with Cushing's disease have the pituitary-dependent form (Feldman). While a number of treatment strategies are available, trilostane has become an increasingly popular and effective first-line therapy (Alenza). Trilostane is a competitive inhibitor of 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Potts). Personally, I need a translation for what on earth that means! Basically trilostane inhibits an enzyme essential to the synthesis of both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex. The manufacturer recommends a trilostane starting dose of 2.2-6.7 mg/kg/day. So, Cho et al wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Efficacy of Low- and High-Dose Trilostane Treatment in Dogs (<5 kg) with Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism. In this study, the safety and efficacy of two alternative protocols of trilostane administration were evaluated in dogs with PDH. The first was a twice-daily low-dose protocol, and the second was a once-daily high-dose protocol.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether or not echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on canine diet types. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs occurs secondary to predominantly genetic causes, but also occurs secondary to systemic disease, toxins, infectious disease and nutritional causes. DCM in association with taurine and L-carnitine deficiency is well documented and has the potential for reversal of myocardial dysfunction with appropriate supplementation.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Amy Butler, DVM, MS, DACVECC on her recent study entitled "The influence of quotations uttered in emergency service triage traffic and hospitalization (Quiet)" which investigated the use of the word "Quiet." Does saying it increase ER caseload (It doesn't, but I still want to kick your butt when you say it).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jane Shaw, DVM, PhD, from Colorado State University on the role of client communication around euthanasia. "Chunk and check" and empathy are important when communicating with pet owners.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Joshua Stern, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM (Cardiology), Associate Professor at UC Davis on the correlation between exotic, grain-free diets and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Is it taurine deficiency related? Why are we seeing this in Golden retrievers? Tune in to learn more!

In this VETgirl online veterinary podcast, we interview Dr. Katie Tolbert, DVM, DACVIM, PhD at Texas A&M University. In veterinary medicine, we often use sucralfate, omeprazole, and H2 blockers like famotidine. Do they help reduce gastric acid? Should we be using them in every single patient in the hospital? Should we be using antacids in cats and dogs, and what about long term?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) reviews how to be the best veterinary team member. By avoiding gossip mongering, and being a respectful veterinary professional, we can all bring our A-game to the veterinary team!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of propofol during euthanasia in veterinary medicine. Perhaps one of the most important aspects of our veterinary oath is to relieve animal suffering. I know when I first entered practice after graduation I was surprised by the frequency in which I was performing euthanasia on companion animals. I soon realized how important this service is for the pets and for the pet parent and the impact my skills and my medicine can have on this last shared experience between pet parent and pet. We all tend to develop our own routine way of performing euthanasia be it a designated room with dim lighting, perhaps quiet music, maybe some fluffy pillows and beds - anything that might promote peace and relaxation. As for the medical side of euthanasia, we understand that the overdose of pentobarbital derivative used during euthanasia provides a peaceful transition for the pet. But outwardly, it may not always look so peaceful to the pet parent. During euthanasia, I'll admit that I'm always holding my breath that during the euthanasia the pet will simply close their eyes (which we know doesn't typically happen), fall asleep, and take his last breath peacefully. But sometimes we encounter rather unfortunate - albeit rare - side effects of the medication or of the body's response to illness and the medication. For starters, we know that the eyes of animals will typically remain open to some degree. And, just as in humans, animals can have involuntary or voluntary release of bladder and bowel function, some may vocalize from dysphoria or disease, and some may exhibit muscle fasciculations. As an attempt to minimize these adverse events, we can reach for adjunctive medications to mitigate these unwanted responses. Propofol is a popular adjunctive anesthetic used in euthanasia, but to date, no veterinary studies have been conducted to evaluate whether this added anesthesia agent has significant benefits when used in euthanasia.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we talk with Kelsey Cantu, the Recruitment Manager of our Travel Division with VetIQ Staffing, about healthy self-wellness tips and self-care for veterinary professionals. Caring for animals is such a rewarding career to have but making time to take care of yourself is just as important than one might think and is crucial for your health. Work-life balance and self-care is key to one's well-being.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS (ECC) reviews how to triage the canine and feline reproductive emergencies. When should a patient come in? Is it a dystocia? What do you need to know and make sure your front desk CSR know when triaging phone calls?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we'll review the latest guidelines for a condition we see just about every day in the vet hospital -; urinary tract infections (UTIs). This is based off the most current International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats . This is a 2-part podcast, so check out last week's episode for Part 1!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we'll review the latest guidelines for a condition we see just about every day in the vet hospital -; urinary tract infections (UTIs). This is based off the most current International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats . This is a 2-part podcast, so tune in next week for Part 2!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the impact of anti-inflammatory medications on survival in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis (secondary to Blastomyces spp). Blastomycosis is one of the major systemic fungal diseases we see in dogs, and for any of you that practice in endemic areas, you know what a devastating disease this can be. Studies have demonstrated that the remission rates for dogs with Blastomycosis can range from 68-75% (Arceneaux, McMillan, Mazepa). However those dogs with severe pulmonary disease tend to have a worse prognosis (Bromel, McMillan, Mazepa), and there is a pressing need to maximize our treatment strategies in these patients. Not only are the fungal organisms themselves destructive, but treatment of the disease can cause a marked and even dangerous inflammatory response. So, Walton et al at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center wanted to examine if anti-inflammatory medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or corticosteroids, affected outcome in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis. They also wanted to determine if other factors such as itraconazole dose, patient characteristics, or the need for oxygen therapy impacted 30-day survival. The authors hypothesized that the use of anti-inflammatory medications would improve 30-day survival.

In this VETgirl online veterinary podcast, we interview Dr. Jessica Quimby, DVM, PhD, DACVIM on the use of gabapentin in cats. With it's growing popularity due to the Fear Free movement and opioid crisis, veterinary professionals are using it more in cats. What dose should we use, and can we use this daily in cats? What about in cats with chronic kidney failure? In this podcast, we discuss if transdermal gabapentin can be safely used in cats, and how to administer dose this capsule.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of long-term famotidine in dogs. How many of you have seen patients that take famotidine for weeks, months, or even years? It certainly raises the question, what impact does such chronic use have on our patients? Is it even effective? So, Tolbert et al out of University of Tennessee wanted to evaluate this in a study entitled Repeated famotidine administration results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in dogs. In this study, they evaluated the effect of repeated famotidine administration on gastric pH and serum gastrin levels over a period of 2 weeks. The authors hypothesized that the impact of famotidine on gastric pH would diminish over time, and that its effect on day 13 would be less potent than its impact on day 1.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Kathryn Meurs, DVM, PhD Diplomate ACVIM (Cardiology), Professor and Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies at North Carolina State University, on feline cardiomyopathy and what's new, including the use of genetics to help diagnose the disease.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Laurel Redding, VMD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at Penn Vet and Dr. Stephen Cole, VMD, MS, DACVM and Lecturer in Microbiology at Penn Vet on their recent study entitled Pet owners' knowledge of and attitudes toward the judicious use of antimicrobials for companion animals. Do pet owners trust it when it comes to dispensing antimicrobial therapy? Can cat owners even get the medications into their cat? What's the compliance? Should we be still treating UTIs with 2 weeks of antibiotics?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Jessica Quimby, DVM, PhD, DACVIM on the use of mirtazipine in cats. What dose should we use, and can we use this daily in cats? What about in cats with chronic kidney failure? In this podcast, we discuss if transdermal mirtazipine can be safely used in cats, and how to administer it.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we're excited to have Amy Newfield, CVT, VTS discuss what's new in veterinary medicine with intravenous catheters. We use them all the time but is there anything we need to change when putting them into our veterinary patients? We're excited to welcome Amy to our VETgirl team!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review how to be a more efficient veterinarian. The more efficient you can be, the better your work life balance. In VETgirl's opinion, live by these 5 rules:

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the prevalence of bacterial contamination in 50% dextrose vials. How worried should we be about using multi-dose dextrose bottles?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Marieke H. Rosenbaum DVM, MPH from the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts on a recent study entitled Perceptions of support and policies regarding pregnancy, parenting, and family planning during veterinary training at United States veterinary medical training institutions. As someone who personally struggled with infertility, losses, and failed IVF, this study rang true to me. What do we need to know about family planning in veterinary medicine? Can you be pregnant in veterinary school or in training and survive?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the effect of client complains on veterinary internists. And let's be real here. This podcast doesn't just apply to veterinary internists. It applies to everyone single one of us in the field of veterinary medicine. This is a subject near and dear to VETgirl's heart, as wellness, self care and our emotional wellbeing as veterinary professionals is really important to us. That's why we hired Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, as our Chief Happiness Officer in 2019.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review cats undergoing thoracic trauma. We know that cats truly have 9 lives, but is there evidence to prove this? What's the prognosis for cats that undergo surgical management of their thoracic trauma? Lux et al wanted to evaluate this in a multi-institutional, retrospective study entitled "Factors associated with survival to hospital discharge for cats treated surgically for thoracic trauma."

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Robert Goggs, BVSc, PhD, DACVECC, DECVECC on a recent study that he published entitled Retrospective evaluation of 4 methods for outcome prediction in overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs (2009-2014): 804 cases. In this retrospective study performed at Cornell University, medical records were reviewed to assess dogs that had a coagulation panel performed (including coagulation times, D-dimer concentration, antithrombin activity, fibrinogen concentration, and platelet count). These cases were then scored for DIC, with the goal to identify if there were any predictors for outcome. How specific and sensitive are some of these coagulation tests?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Brooke Fowler, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology) and Dr. Cassandra Prpich, BVSC, MANZCVS (SAIM), DACVS-SA, ACVS FELLOW, Surgical Oncologist, of Compassion First's Aspen Meadow Veterinary Specialists in Longmont, CO. What do I need to know before removing that neoplastic dermal mass or before doing that splenectomy? When should I consider referring the case to a surgical oncologist instead?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review aspiration-related respiratory disorders in dogs. Much of our veterinary medical information gathered over time has first stemmed from information available in human medicine. So, Nafe et al wanted to review canine aspiration-related respiratory disorders that are already classified conditions in human medicine. In a publication called Aspiration-related respiratory disorders in dogs, the authors provide us a literature review on aspiration-related respiratory disorders in dogs, and describe the similarities between canine and human conditions. By drawing comparisons between known human conditions and canine conditions, we may be able to more effectively treat these veterinary conditions or mitigate damage caused to the respiratory tract.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss pleural effusion in cats. If you've heard me lecture before, I always say that the top 3 differentials for pleural effusion in cats are: CHF, CHF, and cancer. But is it true?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the dreaded retained surgical sponge left in the body cavity of a veterinary patient. After all, we've all done it or seen it, right? When in a rush to get to work, to finish paperwork, or to get home to our families and pets, “slowing down” is not a welcomed notion in our veterinary lives. But perhaps we need to make a conscious effort to do just that. Maybe your client showed up late for an appointment, or maybe your already booked day just got rocked by the emergency GDV that came through your doors, but we all know that when we rush, our attention to detail is compromised…and then, we can potentially overlook important things... like details such as how many sponges did we use during that spay or emergency surgery?!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Brooke Fowler, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology) of Compassion First's Aspen Meadow Veterinary Specialists in Longmont, CO. What's new in veterinary oncology? What do I need to know before referring my cancer patient to an oncologist? And what is electrochemotherapy?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs - just how worried should we be when it comes to anesthetizing them?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Heidi Lobprise, DVM, Diplomate AVDC on dental health month in veterinary medicine. How can be better communicate to pet owners the importance of dental health? Should we be sending home all dental prophys with antibiotics? What's the best pain medication post-dental procedure? Tune in to learn more.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in dogs. It seems as if leflunomide is a medication that some clinicians use quite routinely, whereas others have limited or even no experience using. Regardless of which category you fall into, don't fret! Today we will review some basic information about this medication, as well as a recent retrospective study evaluating its use. Leflunomide is an immunosuppressive medication that is used to treat a variety of immune-mediated conditions in dogs, including but not limited to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), immune-mediated conditions of the central nervous system (CNS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It works by inhibiting the synthesis of pyrimidine and thereby inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation (Plumb). Past studies have evaluated this medication at starting doses of 3-4 mg/kg/day, which showed positive response rates at this dosing (Gregory, Colopy, Fukushima).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we discuss the veterinarian's attire in the emergency hospital and how our clients perceive what we wear. As we all know, first impressions are powerful. And in the emergency setting, one of our more challenging goals is to gain the trust of the client (as we've never seen them before!). How we stand in the room, the tone of our voice, our eye contact, and how we look to the client are all tools that can be just as powerful as the medical information in our heads when it comes to connecting with our client. So do you like to don a white coat and business casual clothes for your ER shift? Or perhaps, you're like me, and enjoy not having to think beyond putting on a pair of scrubs before each shift? So, McGiffon et al wanted to evaluate this in a study called "Clients' attitudes toward veterinarians' attire in the small animal emergency medicine setting."

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Melina Zimmerman, DVM, DAVCAA, a board-certified anesthesiologist at Red Bank Veterinary Hospital. If anesthesia isn't your think, you want to tune in. In this podcast, we review how to manage the canine or feline veterinary patient while under anesthesia, including what to do when that patient is having arrhythmias, hypotension or hypercapnia. We also review pain management and oral analgesics, oral sedation and sedation options for aggressive patients.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review liver toxicity secondary to azathioprine administration in dogs. Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive medication that has been gaining popularity in the veterinary community. It is a purine analog that can take up to 6 weeks to take effect (Plumb), and it is often used as a treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), immune-mediated polyarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other immune-mediated conditions. Some practitioners express discomfort using azathioprine due to its potential for adverse effects, such as hepatotoxicity and bone marrow toxicity. But how worried should we be?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Deborah Silverstein, DACVECC, Professor in Critical Care at PennVet on the use of central venous jugular catheters in critically ill dogs and cats. How hard are they to put in, what do they cost, and are there complications associated with placement?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the effect of refrigeration on clinical canine urine samples and quantitative bacterial culture.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Lisa Radosta, DACVB, Board-certified Veterinary Behaviorist at Florida Veterinary Behavior Service on the use of trazodone in cats. Most veterinary professionals advocate for sedation for stressed cats as a modality to help with "Fear Free;" however, what drugs should we be reaching for, and what the pros and cons are of some of these sedatives? Should we be reaching for gabapentin or trazodone?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an exciting new treatment for diarrhea secondary to canine parvovirus (CPV). You may be wondering, what is an FMT? It is actually a fairly simple procedure that is being performed with increasing frequency in both human and animal medicine. The procedure involves transferring fecal material from a healthy donor dog to a recipient patient in order to restore a healthy microbial population (Chaitman). We know that there is a vast and complex array of microorganisms populating the gastrointestinal tract, and maintenance of this microbiota is critical for overall intestinal health (Khanna). A number of primary gastrointestinal diseases, medications (particularly antibiotics), and other systemic health issues can disrupt this complex population, contributing to clinical decline in our patients.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of D-dimers in predicting the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli in dogs. Pulmonary embolism (PE) refers to an obstruction of a pulmonary vessel, which could be caused by a blood clot, tissue, infectious material, parasites, foreign bodies, or other material (Goggs). There are a variety of diseases known to increase risk for PE's in our canine patients, including immune-mediated diseases such as IMHA, protein-losing nephropathies, hyperadrenocorticism, neoplasia, sepsis, and cardiac disease, as well as the use of certain medications like steroids. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of PE can be challenging due to non-specific clinical and radiographic changes. Probably many of us have seen an IMHA patient become acutely dyspneic with minimal radiographic changes, a situation where you may highly suspect a PE! In human medicine, CT or pulmonary angiography are the gold standard for antemortem diagnosis (Torbicki), but there have been various studies in both humans and in dogs evaluating the use of D-dimers as a tool to rule out a PE.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the diagnostic utility of cytologic examination of renal fine-needle aspirates from dogs and the use of ultrasonographic features to inform cytologic diagnosis. When we do renal aspirates while we're ultrasounding our veterinary patients, is it useful and helpful?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Andrew Hillier, BVSc, MANZCVS, DACVD, Medical Lead for Dermatology at Zoetis on the diagnostic approach for itchy dogs (particularly those with atopic dermatitis!). Tune in to learn how we should be communicating with our pet owners, what mistakes we want to avoid with the atopic dog, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to atopy.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the incidence of hospital-acquired anemia in the hospitalized canine and feline patient. In the veterinary patient, the presence of anemia results in decreased oxygen carrying capacity, which directly affects all tissues by diminishing function and impairing tissue healing. It other words, it results in decreased oxygen deliver (DO2).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, co-founders Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC discuss a few life hacks for new veterinary graduates. Just graduated from veterinary school and need some advice? Here, we share all, from living like a broke vet student, how to pay off your veterinary student debt faster, why it's important to make (some) money, how to work on work-life balance, and more!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Valerie Parker, DACVIM, DACVN on what's new in veterinary nutrition. Is there a role for Vitamin D with chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients? Should we be supplementing calcitriol in our canine and feline patients with CKD? What's new?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Sharon Grayzel, DVM, MPH, DACVPM about canine leptospirosis. What's new? Is it that "classic" icteric, azotemic farm dog that comes down with lepto now? Or is it the smaller, 15 pound terrier that gets it? How prevalent is it and what do we do about this zoonotic disease? What's the best way to test for it? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary podcast, we review the use of steroids and whether or not steroids truly have detrimental effects on the heart. We've been taught since our early years in veterinary school to have a healthy respect for glucocorticoid use. Understandably, there are many unwanted side effects to steroids such as weight gain, immune system suppression, and polyuria, to name the most commonly encountered. But there are also many medical uses for steroids such as intentional immune suppression and to combat inflammatory processes. In cats, we have produced evidence that long-acting glucocorticoid use can precipitate development of congestive heart failure (CHF). To date, we do not have published supportive evidence for this in dogs. So, Masters et al out of Iowa State University wanted to evaluate this in a prospective study called "Effects of short-term anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid treatment on clinicopathologic, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic variables in systemically healthy dogs." to see what cardiovascular effects anti-inflammatory doses of glucocorticoids would have on canine patients with no preexisting structural heart disease.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Marc Seitz, DABVP on his recent publication about feline urethral obstruction called "Evaluation for association between indwelling urethral catheter placement and risk of recurrent urethral obstruction in cats." Does outpatient FUO therapy work (e.g., sedation, unblocking, etc.) and when do we see increased risk of recurrent FUO in cats?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, co-founders Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC discuss OPP: outpatient parvovirus. First, how do we ideally treat canine parvovirus? What is the "Colorado protocol?" Does outpatient parvovirus work? Learn from two criticalists who have seen a lot of parvo!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Richard T. Marconi, PhD about canine Lyme disease. Are we seeing an increased prevalence of tick spread and Lyme disease? What can we as veterinary professionals be doing about it in terms of recognition and prevention (e.g., preventative and vaccination)? Learn it in this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education Part 2 podcast, Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC and Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT review what you should have learned if you didn't go to the Hill's Global Symposium 2018 (HGS2018) this year. From improving our pet owner compliance, to avoiding common myths about geriatric nutrition, to social media and Dr. Google, find out more in this VETgirl podcast. Better yet, get over 30+ hours of free, RACE-approved CE by viewing the HGS2018 here, thanks to Clinician's Brief. Check out last week for Part 1!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC and Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT review what you should have learned if you didn't go to the Hill's Global Symposium 2018 (HGS2018) this year. From advances and updates in nutritional management of chronic kidney disease, to diabetes mellitus updates, to refreshing your brain on Vitamin D and RAS, find out more in this VETgirl podcast. Better yet, get over 30+ hours of free, RACE-approved CE by viewing the HGS2018 here, thanks to Clinician's Brief. Tune in next week for Part II!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review total prostatectomy for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma in dogs.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Annette Litster, BVSc, MACVSc Senior Veterinary Specialist at Zoetis, on Canine Influenza (CIV) H3N2 and H3N8. Learn what clinical signs are seen with CIV, and how to diagnose it (e.g., serology vs. PCR). Learn if your canine patient population should be vaccinated for it, and if this vaccine is for just "social dogs." This VETgirl is brought to you, thanks to sponsorship from Zoetis, makers of Vanguard CIV H3N2/H3N8 bivalent vaccine.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria, bacterial cystitis and pyelonephritis in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Erica Behling-Kelly, DVM, PhD, DACVP from Cornell University, on her recent publication entitled "A commercial soy‐based phospholipid emulsion accelerates clot formation in normal canine whole blood and induces hemolysis in whole blood from normal and dogs with inflammatory leukograms." Does the use of lipid in the form of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), partial parenteral nutrition (PPN), or intravenous lipid emulsion (20%) potentially cause detrimental adverse effects in dogs - particularly those with inflammation - when used? Check out this VETgirl podcast to learn more!

Ah, the mucocele. The disease that internists want to surgical treat, and the ones that surgeons want to medically manage.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review thoracic trauma in dogs. In the emergency room, we criticalists frequently see patients that have sustained both blunt and penetrating thoracic trauma from a variety of causes, with the most common being vehicular trauma and bite wounds. Thankfully, the prognosis for trauma is generally fair to good, with a reported 90% survival (Hall). However, in patients requiring thoracic surgery, the prognosis is worse. Previous studies have shown a range of short-term mortality rates ranging from 10-44%.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review uroabdomen in dogs. We've also talked about how to diagnose uroabdomen in a previous VETgirl blog here.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Julien Guillaumin, DACVECC, DECVECC, on his recent study entitled "Influence of hang time and location on bacterial contamination of intravenous bags in a veterinary emergency and critical care setting." We all hang bags of fluids around the veterinary clinic and ER/ICU so we can use it as a flush or to dilute drugs. However, should we be doing this? In this study, the authors wanted to evaluate the risk and rate of bacterial contamination of fluid and ports in intravenous bags. Overall, the authors looked at 90 bags of LRS, punctured them daily 3X/day for 10 days. They found bacterial growth in 31.1% of the 198 injection ports overall, and 6.7% of the fluid bags hung in ER were contaminated by Day 7. Listen to find out just how long you should be hanging that bag of fluids, and why hanging it near the veterinary sink isn't ideal!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the characteristics and risk factors for intervertebral disk extrusions (IVDE) in Pekingese dogs. If you're about to see a Pekingese dog with back pain, check out this VETgirl podcast to learn what you need to know about in this breed of dog.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of ultrasound for the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats. Nowadays, we're doing more and more FAST (Focused Assessment of Sonography in Trauma) ultrasounds in the ER setting, and it's great (and easy) for diagnosing cavital effusion (e.g., hemoabdomen, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, etc.). But can it be easily used for lung ultrasound (LUS) to detect pathology (or water) in the lung? Does it work to diagnose cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the prevalence of thrombocytopenia in cats. Before you blame it "platelet clumping," let's make sure it's not from something else!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of tramadol in dogs. Does it work? Well, you may have heard over recent years that tramadol has been put on the hot plate, receiving much attention for its role as an analgesic in canine patients. The reason for doubting tramadol's pain relief properties stems from the pharmacokinetics of the drug and differences between human and canine pain receptors. Tramadol is a weak pure-mu opioid agonist. It is metabolized to O-desmethytramadol, which is the metabolite responsible for tramadol's ability to inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin in nerve endings, thus making these two neurohormones more available to continue blocking pain signals. However, dogs produce very little of this active metabolite. Perhaps this difference in metabolism is why clinicians have trended towards recommending higher doses of tramadol (doses ranging from 1 to 10 mg/kg). Previous studies have been complicated by a placebo effect when measuring analgesic outcomes, and the placebo effect is a difficult bias to overcome when creating a study design. So, Budsberg et al out of University of Georgia (Go, Dawgs!) wanted to evaluate tramadol as an analgesic in the treatment of chronic osteoarthritis in a study entitled Lack of effectiveness of tramadol hydrochloride for the treatment of pain and joint dysfunction in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate objective measurements of pain relief in orthopedic dysfunction associated with tramadol use in dogs suffering from osteoarthritis.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Leah Cohn, PhD, DACVIM, on the approach to the infectious coughing dog. In this podcast, she reviews what Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) is, what the diagnostic work up is, and how to treat these patients. She'll also review what vaccines are available for the different etiologies, and how it's more than "just kennel cough." Check out this important Guideline and Recommendation from the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine here:

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss whether certain breeds are more predisposed to aspiration pneumonia or not.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review short-term and long-term outcomes for overweight dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture - do they all need surgery?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether or not brief echocardiographic training is beneficial for noncardiology veterinarians. Will it help house officers or general practitioners in the ability to diagnose cardiac emergencies like pericardial effusion, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy and more?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss whether you detect pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade on chest radiographs in veterinary medicine.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss anemia in veterinary patients. Anemia is a common, yet frustrating disease process and is defined as a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin (Hb). Anemia can be categorized as regenerative or non-regenerative, and it is important to obtain a thorough history and a careful and systematic diagnostic approach to anemia. In this podcast, we review the 3 major causes of anemia:

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Garret Pachtinger, board certified emergency and critical care specialist and co-founder of VETgirl, reviews the diagnostic approach to hypoalbuminemia in dogs and cats. Hypoalbuminemia is a common problem seen by the small animal veterinarian. It is important to understand that albumin is the major determinant of oncotic pressure (i.e., otherwise known as colloidal osmotic pressure or "COP"). This pressure is the main force that holds fluid within the vascular space.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether or not you can thaw your unit of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) in the microwave versus in the more traditional warm-water bath.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl Co-Founder Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC reviews part 2 of treatment of the endocrine emergency in dogs and cats: hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS). In the previous VETgirl podcast on HHS, we reviewed the subtle differences of patients with HHS as compared to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), HHS criteria, and common clinical signs.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, VETgirl Co-Founder Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC reviews hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) in dogs and cats.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of compounded itraconazole in cats - can you use it?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review Dr. Jim Dahle, MD, FACEP of White Coat Investor. VETgirl has to admit: we're addicted to his podcasts (for iOs or Android). In this podcast, we interview him on how to tackle the debt-to-income ratio in veterinary medicine, whether you should consider buying a small business or starting a corporation, how to live like a broke resident, how to set up a backdoor ROTH IRA, and whether or not you should charge to that credit card versus max out your employer's 401K match! Tune in to get financially savvy!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Jeannine Moga, MA, MSW, LCSW, clinical social worker and veterinary social worker, discusses the prevalence of suicide in veterinary medicine. Why is our veterinary field so predisposed, and what can we do to increase our resilience and self care?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC (VETgirl, COO) discusses common reproductive emergencies.

Lidocaine is a sodium channel blocker that is widely used in both large and small animal medicine as a local anesthetic, analgesic, and as a class 1B antiarrhythmic. A perhaps less common application for this medication in small animal medicine is as a gastrointestinal promotility agent in cases of ileus. The effects of lidocaine on improving the clinical signs of ileus in post-operative horses (1) and humans (2) have already been documented. However, what about dogs? So, Johnson et al out of the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine wanted to evaluate the effect of lidocaine on gastrointestinal motility in dogs. The authors aimed at measuring the effects of lidocaine CRI's at two different doses on the gastrointestinal transit times of healthy adult canines as compared to saline CRI controls (3).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the effect of venipuncture quality on thromboelastography. Now, if you've never heard of thromboelastography or TEG, you'll need to know that it's the best way to detect for hypercoagulability. Keep in mind that your PT/PTT test for hypocoagulability, not HYPER-coagulability. Unfortunately, TEG is really only available at academic (e.g., veterinary school) settings. So, if you have a TEG machine (or you're an emergency critical care or internal medicine resident), pay careful attention!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review atrial fibrillation in medium- to large-sized dogs. Are there any other prognostic factors can we look at when it comes to heart disease? Is the presence of atrial fibrillation a prognostic indicator in certain dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valvular Degeneration (MMVD) and congestive heart failure?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review whether or not venous blood gas parameters (such as anion gap, base excess, lactate, etc.) predict survival in veterinary patients. When animals are initially presented to the emergency room, the extent of their condition often cannot be fully assessed without additional diagnostics. Is there a way we can handle questions from pet owners regarding the financial investment in their pet's medical treatment (such as prognosis and anticipated costs of medical care) based on evidence-based medicine? We strive to look for indicators in our physical examination findings and in our initial diagnostic work up (e.g., preliminary lab work or quick assessment tests) to help bolster our understanding of the patient's prognosis, but presently veterinary medicine is greatly lacking in these indicators of mortality and disease severity. In the veterinary emergency room, blood gases are a quick and easy piece of lab work that can be obtained relatively quickly at the time of triage for cats and dogs. So, Kohen et al out of University of California at Davis wanted to look at the information that can be obtained off a simple blood gas analysis for possible predictors of mortality. In this retrospective study, they looked at plasma lactate concentrations, pH, base deficit, and anion gap in both cats and dogs, and looked for any correlation of these values to an increased in mortality risk.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Ciara Barr. Dr. Barr is a lecturer in the anesthesia department at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review an "EPIC" study called "Effect of Pimobendan in Dogs with Preclinical Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease and Cardiomegaly: The EPIC Study -; A Randomized Clinical Trial" by Boswood et al. This was a huge study that was conducted at dozens of different institutions (both academia and private practice) around the world and was undertaken by dozens of cardiologists.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the survival time of dogs with congestive heart failure... but add a unique twist to this... the effect of revenue. This sounds strange, but keep listening.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review OPP: outpatient parvovirus treatment. Does it work?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, VMD, DACVECC review their top 10 pet peeves in veterinary medicine. Tune in to check out what peeves to avoid! Do you have any? Comment below!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Martha Smith-Blackmore, DVM (VETgirl's internmate from the MSPCA-Angell Memorial Animal Hospital). She's an animal welfare expert and the President of Forensic Veterinary Investigations, LLC. Many in the veterinary profession may not be aware of this job opportunity, which poses a unique way of protecting animals!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the prevalence of heartworm disease in cats in the United States and Canada. Now, you may think that heartworm disease is pretty rare, depending on where you live (or practice), but you need to know about this disease. What clinical signs are seen with it? How do you diagnose it?

We all know how difficult it can be to make a cat vomit when we actually need for them to vomit. Veterinary emergency hospitals are encouraged to stock formulations of apomorphine for inducing emesis in dogs, but sadly this medication doesn't seem to work in cats. The theorized reason behind the feline's lack of robust emetic response to apomorphine stems from anatomical differences in their chemoreceptor trigger zone receptors where they are believed to favor more of the alpha-2 receptors over the dopamine receptor abundance that dogs exhibit. For this reason, most hospitals carry xylazine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist more commonly used in large animal anesthesia. However, if you've ever tried to make a cat vomit using xylazine, their response is variable and many will not vomit when appropriate doses are used. Clinically, I've always felt like it only works half the time in my poisoned cat patients!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Deborah Silverstein, Associate Professor in Critical Care at University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine on a study called Retrospective evaluation of the prevalence, risk factors, management, outcome, and necropsy findings of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs and cats: 29 cases (2011-;2013). In this study, the authors evaluated dogs and cats with Acute Lung Injury (ALI) or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and assessed overall prevalence, treatment, and outcome of these critically ill patients.

professional-development-practice-managementIn this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss other job opportunities available in veterinary medicine. If small animal, large animal, equine or mixed animal practice has you burnt out, know that you have opportunities in veterinary industry (e.g., pet food companies, veterinary pharmaceutic companies, etc.), teaching, consulting and even with the government. In this podcast, we interview Dr. Angela McIntyre, who works for the USDA FSIS on the front line of Food Safety.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the outcome and survival in dogs with sick sinus syndrome, a life-threatening bradyarrhythmia.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the difference between dogs and cats in the veterinary setting. As the old saying goes… ”cats are not small dogs!” The question remains, what does that really mean? They can both be small. They can both be fluffy. Catch them at the wrong time and they can both bite! But what does it mean when we say, “cats are not small dogs”? What we are referring to is the medical response to disease as we compare our feline and canine patients. Our feline patients have unique physiologic responses to shock, medications, fluid therapy, and even neoplasia as compared to the canine patient. As a result, it is crucial that the veterinary team understands these unique feline characteristics!

How do you assess your feline patients for shock at the time of triage?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss aortic thrombotic disease (what we'll call ATD from now on). We know that patients with ATD develop this due to Virchow's Triad - the combination of vascular endothelial injury, altered blood coagulability and changes in blood flow. Common underlying causes resulting in vascular endothelial injury include trauma, dirofilarial infection, hypotension, vasculitis, inflammation, acidosis, hypoxemia, dextrose fluid administration, arteriosclerosis (more in humans), and immune mechanisms. Altered blood coagulability may be due to platelet dysfunction (or hyperfunction), or any factor along the coagulation cascade or fibrinolytic system that has gone awry. Lastly, changes in blood flow may be due to blood stasis (e.g., an enlarged atrium), compressive lesions, trauma, or turbulence.

Do you use a AlphaTRAK 2 glucometer in your veterinary clinic? In the veterinary emergency room, many of us utilize the veterinary handheld point-of-care (POC) glucometers to obtain rapid glucose measurements, as it only requires a tiny volume of blood. Not all hospitals have the benefit of having expensive lab analyzers and instead rely on the POC glucometers for glucose measuring. However, it's important to note that the accuracy of these POC glucometers can be affected by various factors such as the concentration of red blood cells present in the sample (e.g., anemia, hemoconcentration) and various medications. The POC glucometer utilizes a different mechanism by which to measure blood glucose levels than our traditional lab analyzers.

Normally, our small animal veterinary patients have a very small amount of fluid within their body cavities. We can not see this radiographically, and most novice users of the ultrasound machine would also likely miss this effusion. The main goal of this fluid is to lubricate the surfaces of the organs and body walls like motor oil for your car engine. This allows the organs to glide over each other without friction, avoiding inflammation. That is in health. However, in states of disease, we see effusion develop which needs to be identified and characterized for both diagnosis and targeted treatment. So, if you see a dog or cat with abdominal effusion or pleural effusion, rapid fluid analysis is imperative!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Tina Wismer, DABT, DABVT, Medical Director at the #1 Animal Poison Control Center, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, based out of Urbana, Illinois. Here, she shares the top 5 poisons affecting dogs and cats, including what clinical signs you may see and how to treat them. We'll also discuss some helpful hints when it comes to calling the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center - like having the patient signalment and exposure information ready, along with having the pet owner initiate the first phone call to create a case number. Dr. Wismer will also discuss the differences between cholysteramine and activated charcoal, talk about new updates in veterinary toxicology, and discuss why your veterinary clinic should be utilizing their expertise and services!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss how to write a good discharge for your pet owners. While we're often busy in general practice, emergency practice, or specialty practice, it's so important that we write clear, concise discharges for pet owners. Here, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, VMD, DACVECC review all the pertinent information you need in your discharges! Help promote better client communication and education with these simple tips.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Alicia Niedzwecki, DACVECC, on a recent study that she performed entitled Effect of oral 3% hydrogen peroxide used as an emetic on the gastroduodenal mucosa of healthy dogs. In this study, Dr. Niedzwecki performed a prospective study aimed to investigate the effects of 3% hydrogen peroxide on the gastrointestinal mucosa in healthy dogs when ingested in amounts we routinely use for emesis induction. What'd they find? Maybe we shouldn't be using hydrogen peroxide in our veterinary poisoned canine patients after all, as evidence of esophagitis, gastritis and gastric ulceration can be seen. This study supports that hydrogen peroxide is not as benign as perhaps we once thought. While the authors' take away from this study was that the use of hydrogen peroxide shouldn't be recommended for at-home use in pet owners unless the benefits outweigh the risks, the toxicologist in me is going to take a little bit of a different take on it. VETgirl will likely still use it as an emetic agent (again, only in dogs), but now I'm going to add on gastric protectants and antacids for 1-2 weeks post-administration of hydrogen peroxide.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the significance of lactate levels in hypotensive cats in the ICU. Can lactate be a prognostic factor for survival?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jenna Gettings, DVM MPH, who is a Post-Doctoral Fellow with the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) on her recent paper A Bayesian spatio-temporal model for forecasting the prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, causative agent of Lyme disease, in domestic dogs within the contiguous United States. While this is mouthful, find out what you need to know about the Lyme prevalence data and the practical implications that this may have for veterinarians. Based off some pretty complex stats and math, this paper forecasts that Lyme disease is expanding geographically. More importantly, why do we care as health care professionals, and does this affect our treatment as veterinarians? Tune in to learn more!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the importance of anemia or hemoconcentration on blood glucose measurements when using point-of-care (POC) gluometers in our veterinary patients.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, VMD, DACVECC, discuss some helpful tips and tricks on how to survive your veterinary internship and veterinary residency. While you have to work hard during this upcoming year (or next two to three years), there are some easy tips to survive this learning period! You can do it! Any hints that you guys have? Share below!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the chronic use of maropitant in veterinary medicine based on the most recent, cutting edge veterinary studies that have been done. In this podcast, we interview Dr. Jessica Quimby, DVM, PhD, DACVIM and Dr. Craig Clifford, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology) on their chronic use of maropitant in cats with chronic renal failure (CRF) and oncology patients, respectively. Can you use maropitant long-term without any problems?

In today' VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Mary Gardner, CoFounder of Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice. She discusses quality of life in veterinary medicine, along with the decision to euthanize versus when to consider hospice care.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss whether or not we should be using 3% hydrogen peroxide (H202) as an emetic agent in dogs. With most of our pets' toxin ingestions occurring outside the veterinary hospital, we, as veterinary professionals, must use our best judgment when making recommendations to pet owners regarding how best to help their pet. If the pet has ingested a toxic substance or an overdose of medication, and you know the best course of action is to prevent further absorption by way of emesis, what do you recommend to the client? Does your hospital induce emesis with apomorphine or with hydrogen peroxide? Do you sometimes recommend to clients to induce emesis at home? Or do you just direct them to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center instead?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT, CEO of VETgirl, discusses her personal struggle with infertility and why you need to stop your veterinary career to have kids now...

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Travis Hornsby, Founder of Student Loan Planner, LLC. He's a student loan consultant and is here to discuss the veterinary student debt issue. With so many veterinary students having six figures of student debt, how does one find help to come up with a repayment strategy? You can also check out his blog here on veterinary student debt HERE.

In today' VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Dani McVety, CoFounder of Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice. How did she get involved with hospice, and what is the role of it in veterinary medicine? Learn more about how this can preserve the human-animal bond with your patients.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. George Moore, DVM, PhD, on the newest updates with canine leptospirosis. Is lepto seen in our roaming, rural large farm dogs, or is it now seen in 15 pound, urban city dogs? How should we diagnose leptospirosis? A MAT? PCR? ELISA? Find out all you need to know about this growing, zoonotic canine disease!

Today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast is sponsored by PRN, makers of KBroVet, potassium bromide. In this podcast, Dr. Simon Platt, BVM&S, MRCVS, DACVIM (Neurology), DECVN, neurologist from University of Georgia, reviews the different types of anticonvulsants available in veterinary medicine. Which should you pick? What are the pros and cons? When should we add an additional anticonvulsant?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jessica Trichel about some of misconceptions of going from veterinary associate to small business veterinary practice owner! What are some myths that need to be debunked when it comes to veterinary practice ownership?

Do you give a lot of blood transfusions in your veterinary clinic? Ever wonder if your protocol for blood transfusion administration is correct? In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether or not the size of the syringe and blood filter affect survival of RBCs in cats. BTW, check out some of our transfusion videos here and here.

Are you doing Schirmer tear tests to test for the prevalence of dry eye (KCS) in your veterinary ICU?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC discusses common concerns following house fire trauma and smoke inhalation in veterinary medicine. How do we treat carbon monoxide toxicosis, cyanide toxicosis, and the respiratory distress seen in these smoke inhalation patients?

Have you treated cases of postoperative pneumonia or aspiration pneumonia in your practice? Have you wondered what factors might predispose your canine patients to developing postoperative respiratory complications? In people, there are a number of risk factors for aspiration pneumonia in the peri- and postoperative period that include: increased age, co-morbidities, preexisting pulmonary disease, immobility, decreased consciousness, analgesia and gastrointestinal problems like motility disorders, increased gastric acid, esophageal disease, among others.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC review's the DO's and DONT's of dextrose.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jessica Trichel about the top 4 things to consider before taking the plunge into practice ownership. While this is a huge step, this is a great way of being able to help pay off your veterinary school debt by being a veterinary practice owner! Are you passionate? Do you want to be a leader in your practice? Do you like mentoring and training people? If so, it may be time to consider before buying a veterinary clinic.

In today's VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jane Quandt, DACVAA, MS, DACVECC, Professor at University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine on the use of arterial catheters (commonly called "A-lines") in veterinary medicine. While arterial catheters are typically only used in academia or veterinary specialty clinics, it's still important to know the pros and cons of using them. These are considered the gold standard for measuring blood pressure, as they are the most accurate. But what are the potential pros and cons of using them? Also, when do we start to worry about hypotension under anesthesia. Get some great anesthesia tips from Dr. Quandt!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC review their top 5 pet peeves to avoid in the veterinary emergency room. Whether or not you're a rookie or experienced emergency veterinarian, or about to switch from general practice to emergency medicine, these are mistakes you want to avoid!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Kacie Blessing, DACVD, of the Animal Dermatology Clinics on food allergies in veterinary medicine. What type of diet should we use, and for how long? When's the best season or timing to test a dog? How do we differentiate atopy from food allergies? Get your dermatology on with this VETgirl podcast!

If you've practiced where VETgirl has, you'd hate Lyme disease as much as we do. Having practiced in all the tick-infested states (e.g., NJ, NY, MA, MN, PA, etc.), I've seen a lot of Lyme disease. That said, only a small subset of Lyme positive dogs (1-2%) go onto develop severe, life-threatening complications from Lyme disease - the dreaded Lyme nephritis. So, in today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we'll discuss this rare complication: Lyme nephritis.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Missy Carpentier-Anderson, DACVIM (Neurology) from Animal Emergency & Referral Center of Minnesota. In this veterinary podcast, she reviews everything you need to know about veterinary neurology including localization of disease, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs, and the use of anticonvulsants in dogs with epilepsy. Learn more in this VETgirl online CE podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Siobhan Haney, VMD, MS, DACVR (RO), a radiation oncologist from Hope Veterinary Specialists on radiation therapy. What types of neoplasia respond the best to radiation therapy (RT). Should we use traditional RT or consider Cyberknife or stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) in veterinary medicine? This may be a new option for osteosarcoma, brain tumors, etc. Learn more in this VETgirl online CE podcast!

I was recently asked to assist a veterinarian transition from general practice to emergency medicine. Now, if you've never been exposed to the emergency medicine side of veterinary medicine, it's a whole different world. That said, it's a great opportunity to practice in an exciting way! So, here, some helpful hints to reduce your anxiety of transitioning to emergency medicine. These are tips from the emergency trenches!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast sponsored by Aventix, Dr. Shelby Reinstein discusses Feline Herpes Virus (FHV). FHV is a very common cause of upper respiratory tract disease in cats, and is THE MOST common cause of surface ocular disease. Kittens which suffer from the initial viral exposure are often quite sick with both upper respiratory infections (URI) and ocular signs. These kittens can have significant fever, decreased appetites, and secondary bacterial infections may ensue. Adult cats, however, usually have a more mild form of the disease, as the virus is reactivating from its dormant state. Given the wide variety of clinical syndromes attributable to FHV, it can be challenging to know exactly WHO to treat, and with what. In this VETgirl podcast, Dr. Shelby Reinstein reviews examination findings, as well as drug therapies for the treatment of FHV including antibiotic therapy, lysine, and even famciclovir!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss paradoxical breathing in our canine and feline patients. As we all know, pleural space diseases like pleural effusion, pneumothorax and diaphragmatic hernias can sometimes be difficult to diagnose. You might not always hear obvious muffled heart or breath sounds, and often our veterinary patients aren't stable enough for radiographs right away. In one study of dogs with pleural effusion, almost 1/3 died during initial examination and diagnostics!1 Remember, we always want to rapidly identify and stabilize our dyspneic patients to maximize survival and patient comfort!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of maropitant in veterinary medicine based on the most recent, cutting edge veterinary studies that have been done. In this podcast, we interview Dr. Bonnie Hay Kraus, DVM, DACVS, DACVAA on her recent studies evaluating dosing, route of administration and use in veterinary patients. How does this apply to you? Should you use it routinely pre-operatively? Will it prevent aspiration pneumonia or nausea? Tune in and find out more about this anti-emetic!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Lisa Radosta, DACVB, who is a board-certified veterinary behaviorist at Florida Veterinary Behavior Services on the top mistakes that veterinarians make with veterinary behavioral disorders. Find out what mistakes you need to avoid, what medications you should be reaching for more, and how to appropriate communicate to your pet owners about behavioral problems!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether or not you should use fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in your critically ill veterinary patients. Do you use FFP in your practice? What clinical situations prompt you to consider its use? Bleeding patients? Patients with prolonged clotting times? Patients with hypoalbuminemia or pancreatitis? Before we discuss our use of FFP and the evidence (or lack thereof!) behind it, let's make sure we're all on the same page about what FFP is. It's plasma that has been separated from whole blood and frozen within 8 hours, and it contains not only our coagulation factors, but also anticoagulation factors, fibrinogen, albumin and alpha-macroglobulins. Once it's frozen, it can be stored for up to one year. [After which, it becomes expired plasma or frozen plasma (FP), which still has it's uses!]

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT and Dr. Garret Pachtinger, DACVECC review the role of a veterinary criticalist in your veterinary hospital. Whether you're an emergency critical care resident about to apply for jobs for the first time, or you're a veteran board-certified veterinary criticalist, find out what roles we have in the veterinary community.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review tracheal collapse. Tracheal collapse is found in smaller breed dogs, especially Yorkshire terriers, miniature poodles and Pugs and presents as airway obstruction with the classic “goose honking” cough. Possible contributing factors include:

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast sponsored by Aventix, Dr. Shelby Reinstein discusses why it is not just "bull" that brachycephalic dogs have more challenging eye conditions!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Do you see a lot of dogs with primary IMHA in your practice? Do you have an anticoagulation protocol that you like to use in treating them? Does it involve aspirin? Clopidogrel? Unfractionated heparin? What about LMWH?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Karen Bradley, who is one of the founders and former President of the Women's Veterinary Leadership Development Initiative (WVLDI). Their goal? To support women in seeking and achieving leadership, policy, and decision-making positions within all areas of professional veterinary activity. Check out some of their great resources here. For more information, check out their website here and their Facebook group here.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss treatment for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs. Have you treated a patient with primary ITP? Did you use steroids alone, or did you try combination therapy with vincristine or human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG)? Well, while treatment with immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids is the initial treatment of choice, and most patients will have platelet recovery within 1-15 days of starting treatment, adding treatment with vincristine or hIVIG has been shown to shorten platelet recovery time. In some peer-reviewed, scientific veterinary prospective studies, dogs with severe ITP treated with prednisone alone versus prednisone and vincristine, or prednisone alone versus prednisone and hIVIG, both combination therapies resulted in faster increases in platelet numbers and shorter durations of hospitalization. To date, though, there haven't been any studies looking at the efficacy of vincristine versus hIVIG as adjunctive treatments. This is important because hIVIG is much more expensive, and giving it to your patient is more time consuming and challenging that giving vincristine.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the appropriate use of antibiotics for dogs with septic peritonitis. In patients with sepsis, early antimicrobial therapy is one of the cornerstones of treatment, along with resuscitation and source control. In human medicine, a landmark study of patients with septic shock revealed that for every one hour delay in antibiotic administration for the first six hours after presentation, mortality increased by 7.6%!(1) In critically ill, septic patients, antibiotics should be started before culture and sensitivity results are generally available, right? Well, the questions remain in both human and veterinary medicine about how we should choose those antibiotics, and whether or not our choices matter.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Do you see cats with DKA in your practice? Does DKA really stand for "Diabetes Kills Animals?" (No.) What do you usually tell owners about their prognosis and what do you base that information on? While we know that DKA is a complicated form of diabetes mellitus (DM) and we often tell owners that it usually happens due to some other complicating concurrent disease or condition, we don't actually know a lot about those diseases or conditions, and whether or not they contribute to the patient's outcome.

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Have a dog presenting to you with abdominal pain and vomiting? In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the diagnostic accuracy of canine pancreatitis tests. Specific tests that are often used to test for canine pancreatitis are the Spec cPL and the SNAP cPL test; however, these tests must be interpreted carefully.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Nyssa Reine-Salz, DACVIM, a board-certified veterinary specialist in internal medicine. She is an internal medicine consultant for Merck Animal Health, and an endocrinologist who consults on complicated diabetes mellitus cases. In this podcast, we review the common mistakes to avoid in management of diabetes mellitus in your canine and feline patients.

In today's VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether Vitamin D plays a role in heart disease in dogs. Vitamin D deficiency, as determined via serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, is associated with worsened cardiac function, heart failure symptoms, and prognosis in human heart failure patients. Supplementation of vitamin D in such patients improves cardiac function and improves prognosis. A 2014 study in dogs demonstrated that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in dogs with CHF secondary to either CVHD or DCM than in normal dogs. So, Osuga et al out of Japan wanted to evaluate if an association exists between vitamin D status and all stages of CVHD, as well as investigate if any association exists between vitamin D status and echocardiographic parameters of cardiac structure and function in these canine patients.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss clinical findings and survival in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Is it a death sentence?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Heather Prendergast and Ken Yagi, both veterinary technician extraordinaires, on the terminology of "veterinary technician" versus "veterinary nurse." First, what's the difference, and why is there so much push back from the human nursing community on this? Learn all about the current credentialing and standardization (which varies state by state) that is currently being reviewed. NAVTA is currently working with several organizations (such as AVMA) to create an updated national credentialing and standardization. Check out the results of a veterinary technician survey that was originally released by NAVTA here. More importantly, during National Veterinary Technician Week, what better way to support your right-hand-veterinary-technician-extraordinaire-staff by supporting this movement?

In today's VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of certain sedatives such as dexmedetomidine on cardiac function (based on echocardiography) in dogs. We know that alpha-2 agonist sedatives provide dose-dependent sedation by reducing the central nervous system's sympathetic outflow. The alpha agonist properties of these drugs also have significant cardiovascular effects - specifically vasoconstriction - which results in an increase in vascular resistance and potential for reflex bradycardia. Dexmedetomidine, a readily available alpha-2 agonist in veterinary medicine, has been documented to cause bradycardia, systemic hypertension, hypothermia, and reduced cardiac output with administration. Given these cardiovascular effects, it is possible that these drugs may significantly alter echocardiographic parameters of cardiac function if used for sedation for echocardiography (thus resulting in artifactual results). So, Kellihan et al out of University of Wisconsin wanted to evaluate this by assessing dexmedetomidine's effect - in other words, how well it results in level of sedation and whether it effects echocardiographic parameters of cardiac function. They looked at two doses - the labeled dose at 10 ug/kg and a lower dose of 5 ug/kg.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the prevalence of immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) in dogs. Is it always due to glomerulonephritis? Or is it due to amyloidosis? Why should we care? First, we should care as glomerular injury is common to many renal diseases. Both primary and secondary glomerular disease is commonly seen in dogs. Primary glomerular disease refers to diseases where the glomerulus suffers the initial injury, while secondary glomerular disease refers to those diseases in which the glomerulus is secondarily injured. Based on the ongoing WSAVA Renal Standardization Project, primary glomerular disease in dogs is divided into 3 main groups: immune-complex glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, and non-immune-complex glomerulonephritis. You can download the guidelines here, btw. Non-immune-complex glomerulonephritis is a diagnosis of exclusion, if neither immune complexes nor amyloid is demonstrated, but primary pathology is noted in the glomerulus.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether or not the urine dipstick paddle works to help identify urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs and cats. Being that 14% of dogs will develop a UTI at some point in their life, and that UTIs are more prevalent in older (versus younger cats), veterinarians should be well aware of how to treat UTIs. Keep in mind that most UTIs in dogs and cats involve a single bacterial species, with E.coli being the #1 isolated bacteria from the urine of dogs and cats (followed by Staph, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Strep).

In today's VETgirl veterinary continuing education podcast, we review echocardiographic findings in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Hyperadrenocorticism (e.g., "Cushing's disease") is common in middle to older aged dogs and results in a state of chronic hypercortisolemia. Resultant systemic sequelae of this disease state include renal/urinary disease, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary thrombembolism (due to hypercoagulability), and systemic hypertension, among others. (Hence, one of the reasons why it's so important that we treat this endocrine disease in dogs!). In humans with hyperadrenocorticism, increases in left ventricular wall thickness have been detected echocardiographically. So, Takano et al out of Japan wanted to evaluate myocardial structure and function in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review a new technique of placing nasojejunal feeding tubes in dogs. In critical care, the pendulum has swung to the side of enteral feeding over parenteral nutrition in both human and veterinary patients. However, when so many of our critical patients are vomiting or regurgitating, and the risks associated with surgical jejunal feeding tube placement may not outweigh the benefits, do any non-invasive options for enteral feeding exist? Or is our only option total or partial parenteral nutrition? The critical care and interventional radiology group at Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine (Beal at al.) developed a novel technique for placing nasojejunal feedings tubes in critically ill dogs using fluoroscopic visualization and wire guidance. Sounds interesting, right?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review organ dysfunction and mortality risk factors in dogs with severe bite wounds. How frequently do you see dogs with severe bite wounds requiring intensive care in your practice? While many of us see “routine” bite wounds that can be managed with wound care on an out-patient basis pretty frequently, there is another population of canine patients with bite wounds that are much more severely affected. These patients may have much more extensive wounds, and can develop complications such as SIRS, DIC, MODS and sepsis. Unfortunately, little evidence exists on which patients may develop these complications. So, Ateca et al from the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine set out to retrospectively evaluate dogs with bite wounds requiring hospitalization in the ICU, to characterize their treatments, complications and outcomes, and to identify any risk factors for mortality.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the accuracy of a newer test (using immunochromatography) for detecting feline blood types (AB) in a study titled “Evaluation of an immunochromatographic test for feline AB system blood typing.” AB blood typing is commonly performed in hospitalized cats to ensure blood compatibility and to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions or potentially life-threatening reactions (e.g., B cats receiving A blood). Blood typing is a necessity for all feline transfusions because cats are born with antibodies against red blood cells of the opposite blood type. For this reason, there is no universal donor in cats, and cats must always be blood typed and/or cross-matched prior to administration! AB blood typing is also important in feline breeding programs in order to prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis. Several methods that allow AB blood typing have been previously validated and include gel column testing, which is no longer commercially available, as well as tube or plate testing, which are both cumbersome and difficult to standardize in practice. Agglutination cards are probably the most commonly used test kits in veterinary practice and can reliably identify type A and B cats, but traditionally have shown weak reactions with type AB blood, resulting in mistyping of AB cats.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jennifer Song, who recently finished her surgical residency at the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center. Dr. Song, a board-eligible veterinary surgeon, discusses a retrospective study that she performed while at PennVet entitled "Retrospective evaluation of shortened prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time for the diagnosis of hypercoagulability in dogs: 25 cases (2006-2011)" in the Journal of Veterinary Emergency Critical Care. Previously, we didn't pay much heed to a shortened PT/PTT; we generally only looked at prolongation as an indicator of hypocoagulability (the inability to clot). However, in recent human studies, there may be some evidence that a shortened PT/PTT is suggestive of hypercoagulability! While thromboelastography (TEG) is traditionally looked at - along with increased fibrin (or fibrinogen) and D-dimers - to evaluate hypercoagulability, Song et al's new evidence may prove otherwise. So, start paying attention to your shorter PT/PTT readings after all!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Stijn Niessen, DVM, PhD, DECVIM, PGCVetEd, FHEA, MRCVS. Dr. Niessen is a Senior Lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College University of London, President of the European Society of Veterinary Endocrinology and the Head of Internal Medicine. He is also the Director of the Diabetic Remission Clinic.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we discuss the importance of wellness for veterinary professionals. Why is it that we care for our veterinary patients so well and constantly advocate for their quality of life, but have poor self care? Due to the growing prevalence of suicide in veterinary medicine, we wanted to review a recent study that was published in JAVMA in October 2015 on the importance of wellness for veterinarians. Make sure you've also checked out our other podcast on “Risk factors for suicide, attitudes toward mental illness, and practice-related stressors among US veterinarians,” along with our free VETgirl webinar on suicide (by Jeannine Moga).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Jane Quandt, DACVAA, DACVECC, on whether it's appropriate to "box" down cats with inhalant therapy alone. This is no longer considered standard of care and not recommended by anesthesiologists, with the exception of the rare exotic animal that cannot be easily intubated (e.g., gerbil, pocket pets, etc.). So, if you have a fractious cat, check out this veterinary podcast for some better, safer tips from Dr. "Q!"

How do you treat patients with pyothorax in your practice? Do you have a different protocol for dogs versus cats? Do you know they are likely to have different causes of pyothorax?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Lisa Radosta, DACVB of Florida Veterinary Behavior Service discusses the role that supplements like Zylkene and Anxitane have in veterinary behavior. Do they work? Since supplements aren't regulated by the FDA, are they safe? Should you be recommending them? Tune into this podcast to find out more!

Treat a lot of working dogs? Well, this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast is for you. Parr and Otto out of University of Pennsylvania wanted to evaluate the primary presenting problem of working German Shepherd dogs (GSD) presenting to the ER. What was the underlying etiology of illness? In a study called "Emergency visits and occupational hazards in German Shepherd police dogs (2008-;2010)," they retrospectively reviewed GSD presenting to the Penn emergency services from 2008-2010 (Shout out to the Penn Working Dog Center!). They wanted to be able to identify the number and underlying conditions of police dog visits and confirm the primary causes of illness in working GSD.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Michael Tokiwa, owner of Progressive Veterinary Care, a family of veterinary hospitals located in the Princeton, NJ area. Dr Tokiwa is also the host and medical consultant for the popular pet radio show, Your Pet Matters on 107.7 The Bronc. Here, Dr. Tokiwa discusses the pros and cons of small business ownership and what tips you should consider when considering purchasing that small animal clinic.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review how long you can keep your packed red blood (pRBC) cell transfusions around. 2-3 weeks? 4-6 weeks? What's the right answer? Does it depend on the patient, their disease, or the hospital's protocol?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review prognostic factors in dogs with head trauma based off a recent study by Sharma et al entitled “Retrospective evaluation of prognostic indicators in dogs with head trauma.” Many of us in emergency practice see head trauma patients and would agree that the prognosis for these patients can be difficult to predict. Some dogs or cats admitted with signs of traumatic brain injury make astounding turnarounds, whereas others do not seem to respond to therapy. Studies investigating veterinary patients with head trauma are relatively sparse. A study investigating the utility of a modified Glasgow coma scale score (MGCS) was published back in 2001 and showed an almost linear correlation between the score and mortality. Alternatively, large studies investigating the utility of the Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score have been published recently, but this score has not been specifically investigated in a population of head trauma patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether clinical and laboratory variables or scoring systems such as the modified Glasgow coma scale, mentation, or ATT scores recorded at hospital admission have prognostic value in dogs with head trauma.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Steve Mehler, DACVS, reviews how to perform a splenectomy in dogs and cats. Not sure of the approach? Want some tips on how to manage a hemoabdomen surgically without getting it all over your surgical field? What type of suture should you use? Tune into this 30 minute podcast to learn it! Please note that this podcast is a modification from our Real-Life Rounds, so you won't be able to see the videos. Interested in seeing it? Join VETgirl ELITE and get access to our podcasts, webinars, Real-Life Rounds, videos and more!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Dorothy Cimino Brown, Professor of Surgery at University of Pennsylvania on the use of the Coriolus versicolor mushroom, known commonly as the Yunzhi mushroom. This mushroom, which has been used in Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years, is thought to contain immune-boosting properties from polysaccharopeptide (PSP). The specific product being used is I'm-Yunity, made by Chinese Medicine Holdings LTD (NOTE: This product is manufactured in the USA in adherence to USP c-GMP guidelines). A preliminary University of Pennsylvania pilot study that was released in 2012 evaluated 15 dogs diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma that were treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day of I'm-Yunity. While there wasn't a statistically significant difference in survival between the three dosage groups, the median survival time was highest in the 100 mg/kg/day group, at 199 days. As as result, a second clinical trial is currently being conducted to evaluate dogs diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma. This will evaluate dogs treated with I'm-Yunity alone, dogs treated with I'm-Yunity + chemotherapy, or dogs treated with I'm-Yunity + a placebo.

In the last several years, the debate over the use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions in veterinary medicine has intensified. In human patients, HES products now have a boxed warning recommending against their use in critically ill patients, based on evidence that they contribute to coagulopathy, acute kidney injury (AKI), and increased risk of mortality.1 In veterinary patients, no studies of AKI or outcome in clinical patients receiving HES have been performed. So, Hayes et al out of Ontario Veterinary College set out to determine if HES administration was associated with outcome or AKI in canine ICU patients in a study called "Retrospective cohort study on the incidence of acute kidney injury and death following hydroxyethyl starch (HES 10% 250/0.5/5:1) administration in dogs (2007-2010)." Because many of these patients would already be considered critically ill based on their admission to the ICU, a retrospective cohort study was designed with an illness severity measure included.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review two studies that describe the transfusion practices used for the treatment of dogs hospitalized after trauma and for dogs undergoing splenectomy for splenic masses. These are both large retrospective studies out of Tufts University, a busy veterinary teaching hospital in Massachusetts.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review pulmonary hypertension (often called cor pulmonale) and the use of sildenafil (more famously known as Viagra). Pulmonary hypertension is classified is as an increase in either pre-capillary (pulmonary arterial ) or post-capillary (pulmonary venous) pulmonary resistance. In dogs, the disease occurs most commonly in older, small breed dogs as a result of chronic lung disease, chronic left-sided heart disease, heartworm infection, pulmonary thromboembolism, or left-to-right cardiac shunts (which is one of the reasons why it's so important that you treat underlying lung disease before it progresses to pulmonary hypertension!). The clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension may be indistinguishable from primary respiratory disease or congestive heart failure and includ tachypnea, cyanosis, dyspnea, increased respiratory effort, syncope, etc. Definitive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is made via echocardiogram by estimation of pulmonary artery pressures (typically, a dog needs to have tricuspid regurgitation to have this measured on echo). Thoracic radiographs remain an important component to the medical workup in these patients (usually performed prior to echocardiography).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the important topic of the prevalence of suicide in our field. Why do veterinarians and veterinary technicians have a higher rate of suicide as compared to other fields? In a recent publication in JAVMA by Nett et al, they review the field of mental health and wellness in the veterinary profession. This is an area receiving some much-needed attention recently, due to the occurrence of some widely publicized suicides amongst veterinary professionals during the last few years. (BTW, you can check out our free VETgirl webinar on suicide by Jeannine Moga here).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review whether or not there is an association between hypothyroidism and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Doberman Pinschers are overrepresented among canine patients diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (familial/genetic), as well as those diagnosed with hypothyroidism. So the question is, is there a link? This is a very controversial topic. After all, we know that thyroid hormone plays an important role in the systolic function of the myocardium and cardiac rate and rhythm via its effect on density of beta-adrenergic receptors and their sensitivity to catecholamines. A deficiency of thyroid hormone has been associated with reduced myocardial function and alterations in cardiac conduction and heart rate thus leading to the premise that the hypothyroid state may be a metabolic etiology for dilated cardiomyopathy. Studies to date have not supported that premise.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Galina Hayes, PhD, DVM, DACVECC, DACVS (Hello, letters!), Assistant Professor in Small Animal Surgery at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. In her recent retrospective study performed at the Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, she evaluated the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and death following hydroxyethyl starch (HES 10% 250/0.5/5:1) administration in dogs (2007-2010). In this retrospective study, the authors evaluated 180 dogs receiving HES compared to 242 random dogs receiving just IV fluids. This is the first veterinary paper evaluating the risk of AKI with HES administration; however, be aware of the limitations of the study (e.g., retrospective, higher cumulative crystalloid dosing differences, higher transfusion rates, etc.). That said, before you reach for a bag of colloids, listen to this VETgirl podcast!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review a recent study titled Development of anemia, phlebotomy practices, and blood transfusion requirements in 45 critically ill cats. This study hypothesized that iatrogenic anemia occurs in hospitalized cats undergoing repeated venipuncture. This has been observed in people, especially critically ill children, and has been associated with the need for blood transfusions. Unfortunately, we know that transfusions can increase hospital cost to clients, risk of transfusion reactions, and risks of complications such as transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) or transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Given that less is known about iatrogenic anemia in cats, the objectives of this study were to describe the incidence and development of anemia, to document phlebotomy practices and transfusion requirements in these cats, and to evaluate the association between these factors and duration of hospitalization and outcome in critically ill cats.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the use of antivenom in dogs. Is it worth the $500/bottle? How many bottles should we use? Is it necessary in all cases? So, we interview Dr. Daniel Foy, DACVIM, DACVECC, who published a study called "Retrospective evaluation of the effect of antivenom administration on hospitalization duration and treatment cost for dogs envenomated by Crotalus viridis: 113 dogs (2004-;2012)." This was a retrospective study looking at a large case population (over 100 dogs) who were envenomated with Crotalus viridis, or more commonly known as the prairie rattlesnake (which isn't as bad as other types of Crotalid species). In this study, it appeared that the use of antivenom did not positively affect outcome or duration of hospitalization, and actually increased costs! So, test your envenomation knowledge here in today's VETgirl podcast.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the usefulness of measuring iron levels in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Now, you probably don't think you see SIRS or septic cases, but you do. SIRS is a result of overstimulation of the inflammatory cascade (with secondary release of inflammatory mediators). SIRS can be seen due to thermal injury (e.g., heat stroke, burns), immune-mediated disease, etc. and can be seen with neoplasia, pancreatitis, trauma, infectious disease, etc. The definition of SIRS is very loose, unfortunately and includes two of the following criteria:

Do you treat patients with septic peritonitis in your clinic? If you do, do you agonize over them for the first few days after surgery, worried that they will require a second surgery due to recurrence (Is this dog going to perf!)? Have you thought about what factors might put these patients at risk for recurrence?

What's your favorite way of giving furosemide to the critically ill, fragile, dyspneic congestive heart failure patient? Is it worth putting in an IV catheter just to give furosemide IV? (No). Does it matter what route you give it?

How do you like to treat blocked cats in your practice? Do you have an opinion about the use of decompressive cystocentesis (DC)? If you aren't familiar with it, this procedure involves performing cystocentesis in cats with urethral obstruction (UO) prior to placement of a urinary catheter. Some argue that it makes patients comfortable more quickly by relieving bladder distention, and also makes it easier to pass a urinary catheter due to reduced back pressure. Others feel strongly that decompressive cystocentesis increases the risk of bladder rupture and uroabdomen.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Soren Boysen, DACVECC from the University of Calgary and Dr. Jantina McMurray on their recent publication on the use of AFAST and TFAST ultrasound in non-trauma patients presenting to the emergency services. In this prospective study, the looked at 100 dogs and cats and found that 33% had free fluid identified on presentation. In unstable or dyspneic patients, 75% had evidence of effusion. So, if you have an ultrasound machine, are you using it enough in your clinic and patients?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in dogs and cats. VSDs are defined as an opening or communication in the interventricular septum due to defects in closure or alignment of the septum during fetal development. VSDs are a regularly identified form of congenital heart disease in animals, albeit less common than the incidence of VSDs in humans. VSDs are subclassified based on anatomic location and include the following varieties:

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Erica Reineke, DACVECC, an Assistant Clinical Professor in Emergency Critical Care at University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine on a recent paper that she published. In this JVECC publication, she evaluates systolic blood pressure measurement based on physical examination as compared to Doppler analysis. In this prospective, observational study, the authors evaluated 102 cats that presented to the emergency services and evaluated the femoral and dorsal pedal pulse to predict systolic blood pressure in cats. House officers (e.g., interns, residents) evaluated pulse quality and defined it as either: strong, moderate, poor, or absent. A concurrent SBP was also performed. What'd they find?

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education Real-Life Rounds podcast, we review the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) in veterinary medicine. Should we veterinarians be using it with every poisoning or toxicology case? Listen to find out more!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Raegan Wells, DACVECC, Director of Medical Management at Blue Pearl in Phoenix, Arizona. In this veterinary podcast, she reviews a recent case report published in JVECC on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion for a synthetic marijuana toxicity case she saw in a dog. Learn how to treat THC (i.e., the real and synthetic case poisonings!), what signs to look for, and whether or not the use of intravenous lipid emulsion would benefit your patient. When in doubt, contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center for life-saving advice!

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review a common presenting complaint to emergency veterinarians: hemoabdomen. Most of us know that the majority of spontaneous hemoperitoneums are due to bleeding splenic masses (malignant or not), and if you're dealing with a hemangiosarcoma, the long term prognosis isn't great. But have you thought about what factors might be associated with a worse perioperative outcome (for example, from the time of admission for the bleed through surgery to discharge) in this critically ill, emergent population?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review TRALI (again, as it's super important!). Have you ever heard of TRALI? The acronym stands for transfusion-related acute lung injury, and is a type of

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review cocaine toxicosis in dogs. Have you ever seen a patient with cocaine toxicosis in your practice? Do you know how to recognize one? What do you tell owners about prognosis with treatment?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the use of heparin versus saline flushes. Which is better?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review whether mixing dog food with activated charcoal works. After all, it's usually easier to get a dog to eat the charcoal if you mix it with some palatable food with poisoning cases, right? Well, have you ever wondered about the effect of that food on the adsorptive capacity of the charcoal? Will it decrease its efficacy in terms of helping to eliminate that toxin from your patient's system?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the association between previous splenectomy and gastric-dilatation volvulus (GDV) in dogs. Picture this scenario: it's late into your overnight emergency shift, and you're cutting a hemoabdomen in a middle age, large breed dog. You found a bleeding splenic mass and removed it, and now you're trying to decide if you should do a prophylactic gastropexy. Sounds familiar, right? Well, there are actually some theories out there that suggest splenectomy might increase a patient's risk for GDV, so considering that pexy might be smart. Possible reasons for this increased risk include the void created by removal of the spleen (especially if it was enlarged) leading to increased gastric mobility, or stretching of the ligaments in the cranial abdomen due to a splenic mass, torsion, or previous episodes of gastric dilatation (without volvulus). But, regardless of these theories, previous studies have been mixed, so how are you going to decide if you should pexy this dog that's on the table?

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. David Maggs, BVSc, DACVO, Professor of Ophthalmology at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine on the use of lysine supplementation in cats with herpesvirus. Does it work? A recent paper adamantly debunked its use (Boll et al), and veterinarians are left wondering - should I be recommending this (safe and benign) medication? When in doubt, consider reaching for topical antivirals instead...

diagnostic-imaging-radiologyIn today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we interview Dr. Anthony Fischetti, DACVR, Department Head of Radiology at the Animal Medical Center in New York. Here, this veterinary podcast reviews some great tips on "FAST" ultrasound to what type of probe you need to how to avoid some common mistakes when interpreting radiographs!

How do you measure blood pressure non-invasively in your patients? Do you use Doppler? Oscillometric? Do you perform the measurement with your patient sitting or standing? Do you always do it the same way? Have you ever given it much thought? Well, in today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the effect of body position on blood pressure measurement in dogs.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review C-reactive protein levels and whether or not they can be useful in managing your parvovirus cases.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the use of pimobendan in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD). Pimobendan (commonly known as Vetmedin in the United States) is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor and calcium sensitizer. It is commonly used as a therapy for congestive heart failure and is often referred to as an “inodilator” due to its positive inotropic and peripheral vasodilatory mechanisms of action.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review a common plant toxicosis seen in both dogs and cats: insoluble calcium oxalate containing plants. We'll also review the less common plant toxicant soluble calcium oxalate containing plants and discuss the difference between the two types.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Left-to right patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common congenital heart defect in dogs. PDA also occurs in cats but with much lower incidence. If PDA is left untreated, it results in left-sided volume cardiac overload, with a high incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) within the first year of life. Definitive treatment usually carries a good prognosis and consists of attenuation of flow across the PDA by either surgical ligation (e.g., via thoracotomy) or placement of occlusion devices (e.g., such as coils, plugs or occluders) from within the vascular space via a transcatheter/transvascular approach. Both methods are highly successful in dogs, with transvascular methods preferred as they are less invasive and have a lower rate of major complications. So what about cats? Unfortunately, these approaches can both be more difficult in cats due to their small size. To date, minimal data exists in veterinary literature about correction of PDAs versus medical management in cats.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI). In veterinary medicine, the use of transfusions has become more prevalent, particularly in the field of emergency and critical care. Transfusion medicine is important to help improve oxygen delivery, provide coagulation factors, and provide hemoglobin. That said, the benefits of transfusions must outweigh the risks - albeit rare - from the product itself.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review updates in treatment for canine parvovirus (CPV). As parvovirus can result in severe dehydration, secondary hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, sepsis, and DIC, rapid identification, recognition of clinical signs, and treatment should occur to ensure the best outcome. In this Part 2 of 2 podcasts, we review the clinicopathologic results of parvovirus and focus on treatment of the critically ill pediatric patient.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review updates in treatment for canine parvovirus (CPV). As parvovirus can result in severe dehydration, secondary hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, sepsis, and DIC, rapid identification, recognition of clinical signs, and treatment should occur to ensure the best outcome. In this Part 1 of 2 podcasts, we review the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical signs of parvovirus.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review the significance of pulmonary hypertension in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (or what we'll call MMVD from now on). Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is thought to commonly occur in dogs with MMVD due to passive elevations in pulmonary venous and capillary pressures; this can progress to pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and remodeling of pulmonary vasculature (with the latter considered an irreversible stage).

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Deborah Silverstein, DACVECC, Associate Professor of Critical Care at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Veterinary Medicine. (She's also one of the co-editors for the fantastic book Small Animal Critical Care Medicine). She talks about all the scary acronyms of critical care: SIRS, MODS, sepsis, and septic shock. So, if you don't think you see Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), think again. Tune in to learn what you need to do to treat your critically ill patient.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we review Herring et al's recent publication in Journal of Veterinary Emergency Critical Care called "Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in three cases of canine naproxen overdose." Naproxen, an OTC or prescription human NSAID, has a narrow margin of safety in dogs and cats. As little as 5 mg/kg can result in gastrointestinal distress (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) while doses > 10-25 mg/kg can result in acute kidney injury (AKI). Doses > 50 mg/kg can result in central nervous system signs (e.g., tremors, coma, etc.).

Who likes treating dyspneic cats?

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Kelly Hall on what the Veterinary Committee on Trauma (VetCOT) Veterinary Trauma Center (VTC) network is. The goal of VETCOT is to create a network of lead hospitals that seed development of trauma systems. There are three different levels (1 through III) of Veterinary Trauma Centers. This is different from VECCS Facility Certification. These hospitals will work collaboratively to define standards of care and disseminate information that improves trauma patient management efficiency and outcome. Find out more about VetCOT here!

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE blog podcast, we interview Dr. Allison Sande, DACVIM, DACVECC on her JVECC publication on acute liver failure in dogs and cats. What are the underlying causes of acute hepatic necrosis in dogs and cats, and what is the overall treatment and prognosis? Learn more in this VETgirl podcast!

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of heart disease in cats and carries a particularly poor prognosis for those cats with HCM that experience aortic thromboembolism (ATE), congestive heart failure (CHF), and distortion of cardiac chamber dimensions and function. Assessment of cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) in various disease states has increased in human and veterinary medicine but little prognostic data is available for these biomarkers with HCM in cats. Both cardiac biomarkers appear to carry prognostic value in humans with HCM. So, Borgeat et al out of Royal Veterinary College wanted to investigated whether a single measurement of NTproBNP or cTnI would provide such value in cats with HCM in a study called Plasma Cardiac Troponin I Concentration and Cardiac Death in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast blog, we interview Dr. Lindsey Nielsen, DACVECC on her study that she conducted retrospectively at Angell Animal Medical Center on the the use of fenoldopam. Fenoldopam is a selective D1 receptor partial agonist used to help attempt to vasodilate the renal vessels in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients. So, does fenoldopam help increase urine output and improve the outcome with AKI (No.)? Here, a review of AKI, fluid therapy, dopamine, mannitol, or other unique drugs like fenoldopam.

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, David Liss, RVT, discusses how to best utilize your veterinary technician in helping you manage emergencies in daily practice. Are you not taking the time to do "doctor things" during an emergency? Check out this podcast to learn what you can do to improve your efficiency thanks to the help of your team!

In this VETgirl podcast, we review the clinical utility of Holter monitoring in dogs with advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease with or without a history of syncope.

In this VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, we interview Dr. Lauren Sullivan, DACVECC, an Assistant Clinical Professor at CSU. She reviews this common infectious disease affecting immunocomprised, poorly vaccinated puppies, and discusses etiology, clinical signs, treatment, and some new updates in veterinary medicine. In a recent study at CSU, the use of outpatient therapy with canine parvovirus can still yield a good prognosis. Check out this VETgirl podcast for more information and get your street medicine on!

In this VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, Dr. Lisa Radosta, DACVB from Florida Veterinary Behavior Service discusses litterbox size preference in domestic cats. As inappropriate urination is the #1 feline behavioral disorder, help your clients by educating them on what exact size box is appropriate for the average-sized cat.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we review the importance of performing a venous blood gas in the vomiting patient. Why? Because when we see a hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, we should be ruling out an obstructive gastrointestinal (GI) foreign body. Previously, the presence of a metabolic alkalosis has been associated with a upper GI (e.g., pyloric) foreign body. Why? Because of protracted vomiting and loss of chloride, which deletes the body of an anion. In order to maintain electroneutrality, when a sodium (Na+) moves, a negatively charged anion must exchange with it. While this is typically chloride, if the body is chloride deplete, it absorbs bicarbonate (HCO3-) instead, resulting in the classic metabolic alkalosis.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we review feline arterial thromboembolism (FATE) - otherwise known as arterial thromboembolism (ATE). FATE is commonly associated with underlying cardiomyopathy and most commonly affects peripheral limbs. The high morbidity and mortality thus carry a generally poor prognosis, with euthanasia a frequent outcome. Cats may present with concurrent congestive heart failure (CHF). For the minority of cats who achieve partial or complete resolution of ATE, the likelihood of recurrent ATE is high.

In this VETgirl podcast, Dr. Lisa Powell, DACVECC reviews a study out of Tufts University assessing the time of antimicrobial administration in the treatment of septic peritonitis and overall survival. Does it matter when you reach for a vial of antibiotics in your emergent or critically ill patients? The goals of this study were to determine whether creation and implementation of a canine abdominal sepsis protocol decreased time to antimicrobial administration in dogs with septic peritonitis.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary CE podcast, Dr. Anusha Balakrishnan from the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine reviews how to handle the respiratory emergency in dogs and cats. In this 30-minute podcast, she reviews approach, signalment, oxygen therapy,

In this VETgirl podcast, we review patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and the long-term outcome. Should you be recommending your puppies for PDA closure?

Traditionally, the PF is used to evaluate the severity of acute lung injury (ALI, < 300) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS, < 200). But can we use our pulse oximetry as a non-invasive way of obtaining assessment?

Today's VETgirl podcast is an interview with Dr. Jeremy Campfield, an emergency veterinarian from southern California. He's a blogger for DVM360 at Death to Debt, and recently lectured as an IGNITE speaker at NAVC 2015. In today's podcast interview, he discusses his views on how to pay off the overwhelming, massive debt associated with veterinary school. Here, Dr. Campfield reviews a few key tips on how to pay off your veterinary school loans. Please note that Dr. Campfield is not a financial advisor, and the opinions expressed here are his own!

In this VETgirl podcast, we review platelet activation in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Arterial thromboembolism - more commonly known as saddle thrombus - in cats with HCM occurs secondary to intracardiac thrombi formation, believed associated with Virchow's triad: underlying endocardial injury, blood stasis (e.g., left atrial blood flow), and a disease condition that predisposes towards a hypercoagulable state (e.g., cardiac disease, IMHA, neoplasia, etc.).

In today's VETgirl podcast, we review sewing needle foreign bodies in dogs and cats. Should we treat these with endoscopy, surgery or medical management?

In this VETgirl podcast, we discuss how to perform a thoracocentesis in the dyspneic dog or cat. If you don't commonly perform a thoracocentesis, you may not feel comfortable. However, keep in mind that thoracocentesis is easy to perform and is generally safe.

In this VETgirl podcast, we review the diagnostic yield of cytologic analysis of pericardial effusion in dogs. Is it worth submitting fluid analysis and cytology for your hemorrhagic sample?

In this VETgirl podcast, Dr. Lisa Powell, DACVECC reviews a study out of Canada that reviews the effects of tetrastarch, a synthetic colloid fluid on hemodynamic and laboratory variables in both healthy dogs and dogs with systemic inflammation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the response of administering equal volumes of isotonic crystalloids (0.9% saline) and synthetic colloids (e.g., tetrastarch) on hemodynamic and laboratory variables in dogs. This study looked at two population of dogs: healthy dogs and dogs with systemic inflammation. This study also evaluated several parameters including heart rate (HR), blood pressure, PCV, total protein (TP), lactate, and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) measurements.

In today's VETgirl podcast, we review potential side effects of chronic inhalant glucocorticoids in cats.

In today's VETgirl podcast, Dr. Nathan Lee, a board-certified radiation oncologist, reviews all you need to know about radiation therapy (RT) in veterinary medicine. What are the side effects and pros or cons? How much does it cost? What's the difference between traditional RT and stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)? What tumors does it work best for? Get your veterinary continuing education through our tech-savvy VETgirl podcasts and webinars!

In today's VETgirl podcast, Dr. Lisa Powell, DACVECC, reviews pneumomediastinum in cats. This original study was published by Thomas et al out of University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, and characterizes the incidence, causes, presenting complaint, clinical course, and outcome of cats diagnosed with pneumomediastinum.

In today's veterinary online podcast, we interview VETgirl's COO Dr. Garret Pachtinger on some recent veterinary studies about anticoagulant rodenticide (ACR) toxicosis. How should we test for it? Should we run a prothrombin and when? Should we automatically treat with Vitamin K1 therapy? Tune in to find out more!

In today's VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Amie Koenig, an Associate Professor at University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine on her recent publication in JAVMA entitled "Formulation and validation of a predictive model to correct blood glucose concentrations obtained with a veterinary point-of-care glucometer in hemodiluted and hemoconcentrated canine blood samples."

In this VETgirl podcast, we review subaortic stenosis (SAS) in dogs, and whether or not the affect of certain cardiac medications (e.g., specifically beta-blockers) affect the overall survival. Subaortic stenosis, more commonly causes SAS, is a common congenital cardiac condition in dogs; it is characterized by a fibrous ring/ridge of tissue below the aortic valve, causing narrowing of this region and secondary pressure overload to the left ventricle. The severity of SAS is determined by the left ventricular-to-aorta pressure gradient (PG), with severe pressure gradients considered to be ≥ 80 mm Hg. In general, the prognosis for mild to moderate SAS is generally considered significantly better than for severe SAS with minimal treatment initiated for the former group. In cases with severe SAS, prior data is limited to a single, small study that reported a 19 month median survival.1,2 As a result, the overall long-term prognosis for severe SAS has been considered to be poor. Treatment of severe SAS has been limited to:

In today's veterinary online continuing education podcast, we interview VETgirl's COO Dr. Garret Pachtinger on some recent veterinary literature about the accuracy of canine pancreatitis tests such as SNAP and Spec canine pancreatic lipase tests. What tests should you use, and what has shown to be the most effective? Should we be using these tests in every dog that presents for vomiting (No!). Tune in to VETgirl to learn how to diagnose pancreatitis... especially if you don't have abdominal ultrasound readily available!

In this VETgirl podcast, we discuss why it's so important that everyone in veterinary medicine Lean In - regardless if you're male or female. Is there a lack of women in leadership in veterinary medicine? (Please see the article previously published here in Veterinary Team Brief).

Parameters were measured as soon as the patient was induced, at 30 and 60 minutes afterwards, and overall. What'd this study find? Overall, this study found that those patients that received 20 mL of LRS/kg/hour had the greatest total and perfused density vessel (in those vessels that were > 20 μm in diameter, which are mostly venules and arterioles).

In today's veterinary podcast, we interview VETgirl's COO Dr. Garret Pachtinger on some recent veterinary studies that he likes. Too busy to read your veterinary journal? Tune in for our online veterinary continuing education to learn it! Tune in to find out about what's more effective: buprenorphine or butorphanol for ovariohysterectomies in cats, or heparin versus just plain saline for flushing IV catheters. Learn it here with VETgirl!

In today's VetGirl podcast, we review a study published out of North Carolina State University and University of Georgia on the use of positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) in dogs sand cats with congestive heart failure (CHF).

In this VETgirl podcast, we review pigmentary keratopathy in Pugs. About to see a "black" eyeball, and not sure what to do with it? Corneal pigmentation develops secondary to chronic corneal irritation due to primary inflammatory conditions (e.g., pannus), entropion, dry eye, incomplete blinking, aberrant eyelashes, etc. The term pigmentary keratitis implies that there is inflammation component to the primary corneal disease, which leads to pigmentation. While this diagnosis is made frequently in clinical practice, the primary cause of inflammation is not always identified.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review a study published out of North Carolina State University on the use of pimobendan in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Should we use it?

Today's VETgirl podcast is by Dr. Catherine Lenox, DVM, CVA, DACVN, a board-certified veterinary nutritionalist. She'll be speaking on the role of fish oil and how and why to supplement it in your veterinary patient population!

In this VetGirl podcast, we interview David Liss, BA, RVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM), CVPM, who is an internal medicine and emergency critical care veterinary technician and the Program Director in Veterinary Technology at Platt College. Here, he provides a review and some tips of veterinary nursing, and why it's so essential to our critically ill, emergent patients! Follow him on Facebook here!

In this VetGirl podcast, we review tramadol toxicosis in a cat (80 mg/kg!) and the general mechanism of action of how this commonly used, scheduled oral analgesic works. We'll also discuss dosing and what drugs to avoid with concurrent tramadol administration. Most importantly, we'll discuss how to treat tramadol toxicosis, what clinical signs you can see in dogs and cats, and overall treatment for serotonin syndrome (including fluid therapy, cyproheptadine, sedatives, etc.).

In this VETgirl blog, we interview Dr. Søren R. Boysen, DACVECC, Associate Professor at University of Calgary on his recent study on "Effects of rapid intravenous 100% L-isomer Lactated Ringer's administration of plasma lactate concentrations in healthy dogs" published in JVECC (2014). In this blog, we find out the whether or not the "L" in LRS is potentially detrimental when used to fluid resuscitate veterinary patients in the emergency room who may have a lactic acidosis. More importantly, we review the differences between d- and l-lactate, and whether or not LRS should still be one of the favorite fluids of emergency clinicians and criticalists (Yes, VetGirl likes it). We also briefly review the use of the handheld Accutrend lactate devices, and what we're measuring with these devices. Finally, we review the importance of lactate when evaluating patients with gastric-dilatation voluvulus (GDV) and whether or not LRS can be used in these situations!

Today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast is by veterinary behaviorist, Dr. Lisa Radosta from Florida Veterinary Behavior Service on Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) or Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD); these terms are often used interchangeably. In Part 3 of 3, we discuss medications and their role in the treatment of CCD.

Today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast is by veterinary behaviorist, Dr. Lisa Radosta from Florida Veterinary Behavior Service on Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) or Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD); these terms are often used interchangeably. In Part 2 of 3, we discuss diet and supplements and their role in the treatment of CCD.

Today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast is by veterinary behaviorist, Dr. Lisa Radosta from Florida Veterinary Behavior Service on Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) or Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD); these terms are often used interchangeably. With our aging pet population, we veterinarians are seeing more behavioral problems in dogs (typically over 9 years). In current studies, 22-28% of elderly dogs showed at least one sign of CDS. So, what should we do? We want to make sure to monitor our patients for DISHA, which stands for:

Ever heard of xenotransfusions - in other words, giving blood from one species to another species (like a dog to cat transfusion)? Ken Yagi, a veterinary technician specialist in both emergency critical care and internal medicine, explains all about this. The popularity of xenotransfusions came into light thanks to social media recently based on a veterinarian in New Zealand giving dog blood to a cat supposedly intoxicated with an anticoagulant rodenticide.

In this VetGirl podcast, Dr. Marie Holowaychuk, DACVECC discusses the use of desmopressin (DDAVP) for the treatment of aspirin-induced coagulopathy! So, if you're about to take a dog to surgery, and just found out he's been on chronic aspirin therapy, consider listening to this podcast... it'll help with the oozing!

In this VetGirl podcast, Dr. Marie Holowaychuk, DACVECC discusses the findings of a large, prospective multicenter evaluation of coagulation abnormalities seen in dogs following severe trauma. So, should you be running more coagulation panels in your hit-by-car (HBC) cases? If you see a lot of trauma cases in your busy ER, this podcast is a must-listen to!

 x 1.0 < current intake, continue with step 5 5. Select a diet and feeding plan and include treat options Treat calories should be less than 10% of total kcal, and the remaining kcals should be fed as a therapeutic weight loss diet, if possible. The therapeutic weight loss diets are higher in protein in other nutrients and help avoid nutrient restriction despite caloric restriction. It's always best to ensure that there is adequate protein in the chosen diet. Dogs should receive approximately 1 gram protein per pound of current body weight and cats should receive approximately 2 grams of protein per pound of current body weight. If the pet has concurrent health problems, there are other options -; but if you need severe caloric restriction to allow for weight loss, it's best to consult with a DACVN for these cases. I use homemade diets in a lot of patients that are obese but have other nutritional issues. 6. Reassess the patient Patients should lose 0.5-2% of starting body weight per week. I try to give my clients a schedule (e.g. it will take up to x months to achieve ideal weight) so they know what to expect. I recommend checking patients' weight every 2 weeks until they establish a weight loss trend -; that is, they are not losing too quickly or too slowly. After the weight loss trend has been established, the weight can be checked every 2-4 weeks. If the plan needs to be adjusted, I usually decrease or increase in increments of 5-10% of total calories. Make sure you reduce treat calories if you do that, but never eliminate treats entirely. I have the best luck with compliance if I include controlled treat options in a weight loss plan.

Today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast is by veterinary behaviorist, Dr. Lisa Radosta from Florida Veterinary Behavior Service discusses cognitive dysfunction in dogs and cats. Dr. Radosta discusses how to implement a simple, one-page cognitive dysfunction quiz that can be used by veterinary clinics for pet owners to test for it. This VetGirl podcast specifically discusses DISHA, which is short for Disorientation, Interaction, Sleep Wake-Cycle, House-training, and Activity/Anxiety/Aggression level changes.

Today's VetGirl podcast is by Dr. Marie Holowaychuk, DACVECC. She discusses a multicenter prospective evaluation of dogs with trauma. This podcast will review trauma scoring with different scoring systems: animal trauma triage [ATT], modified Glasgow coma scale [MGCS], and acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation [APPLE]. More importantly, it'll review the usefulness of these scoring systems and see if they can predict outcome. Overall, this study found that the severity of injury (e.g., penetrating trauma), along with surgery and how low the blood lactate levels were helped predictf survival.

In this VetGirl podcast, we review a clinical case example of canine leptospirosis. Small dog from the city? Azotemic with increased liver enzymes? It's leptospirosis until proven otherwise? This podcast reviews a true case example of Darby, a 5 year old Papillon.

Today's VetGirl podcast is by Dr. Marie Holowaychuk, DACVECC. She discusses a published case report of a French bulldog with severe aspiration pneumonia post-ovariohysterectomy and brachycephalic surgery, only for it to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). She discusses the successful use of a unique type of ventilation called airway pressure release ventilation (with a reverse inspiratory to expiratory ratio). After two weeks on the ventilator, the dog did great! This podcast is vent-heavy and is a must-listen to for emergency critical care residents!

PaO2, SpO2, and end-tidal CO2, oh my!! Dr. Jane Quandt, DACVA, DACVECC explains all you need to know about these confusing abbreviations! Why should you care? Because it lets you assess your oxygenation and ventilation! Find out why you need to care (a lot!) when your pulse oximetry reading (SpO2) is only 90%!

In this VetGirl podcast, Dr. Catherine Lenox, DACVN discusses what you need to know about implementing a food trial in your veterinary patients or pets. So why do food trials? To rule out gastrointestinal disease or cutaneous adverse food reaction. Check out what you need to know and how long you need to food trial your patients for!

Fluid therapy

In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration (SARDS), a condition in dogs in which total blindness occurs acutely, usually over days to weeks. Diagnosis of SARDS is made in cases of acute vision loss with an otherwise normal eye exam, and a flat-line electroretinogram (or ERG) recording is confirmatory. Multiple investigations into the pathogenesis of SARDS have failed to identify an underlying cause.1-4 The average age at diagnosis is about 8 years, and approximately 60% of cases are female dogs.5 The Dachshund, Miniature Schnauzer, and mixed-breed dogs are most commonly affected. 4 The blindness from SARDS is considered permanent, with no reported successful therapy.

In addition to blindness, about 40% of dogs with SARDS demonstrate systemic clinical signs of polyuria/polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight gain. These signs may develop prior to the onset of blindness, or shortly thereafter.5,6 Serum biochemical abnormalities including elevated cholesterol, AST, ALT, and ALP are also commonly reported. Despite the clinical resemblance to hyperadrenocorticism, it is very rarely confirmed in SARDS patients.4,7

In today's VetGirl podcast, we'll discuss the prevalence and risk factors for growing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus -; what we'll call MRS from now on - from dogs with pyoderma. Clinically, what do we see with dogs that have a superficial pyoderma? Classic lesions include pustules, papules, epidermal collarettes, and crusts.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

In this VetGirl podcast, we review treatment for canine leptospirosis, including aggressive intravenous (IV) fluid therapy, appropriate antibiotic therapy, gastrointestinal support, supportive care, and monitoring.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

In this VetGirl podcast, we review the clinicopathologic testing for leptospirosis. The diagnosis of canine leptospirosis is based on clinical suspicion, clinical signs, and clinicopathologic results consistent with leptospirosis. Clinicopathologic findings consistent with leptospirosis include the presence of: neutrophilia, a left shift, lymphopenia, a mild to moderate non-regenerative anemia, hemoconcentration (seen with dehydration), hemolysis (seen with cattle), thrombocytopenia (seen in up to 58% of dogs), azotemia (seen in > 80-90% of dogs), increased liver enzymes (including increases in ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin; these changes are almost always seen with concurrent azotemia with leptospirosis), electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypochloridemia, hyperphosphatemia), and increased creatinine kinase. Additional findings consistent with leptospirosis include isosthenuria, bilirubinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, proteinuria, and evidence of coagulopathy (e.g., increased fibrinogen, FDP, FSPs). Prolonged PT or PTT may be seen in 6-50% of dogs with leptospirosis.

Today's VetGirl podcast features Dr. Craig Webb, PhD, DVM, DACVIM of Colorado State University, who discusses his research supported by Morris Animal Foundation on the use of probiotics in cats. Do probiotics survive the gastric acid, and should you be using veterinary probiotics versus what's over-the-counter? Do they play a role in gastrointestinal disease? Tune into this VetGirl podcast for more info!

In this VETgirl podcast, we interview Dr. Stacee Santi of Vet2Pet on the importance of veterinary apps for pet owners and clients. Think you need one? Listen to this podcast to find out if it's worth the investment for your clinic!

Today's VetGirl podcast is on food trials. I'm particularly passionate about this podcast since my own pit bull just went on his first ever food trial. Not knowing anything about dermatology, I learned quite a bit from our VetGirl dermatology expert, Dr. Amy Haarstad. So, today's podcast is going to focus on food trials… and whether or not it's appropriate to use over the counter foods as dietary elimination trials!

In this VetGirl podcast, we review the transmission and clinical signs seen from canine leptospirosis. When it comes to leptospirosis, there are both saprophytic and pathogenic leptospires. Pathogenic leptospires are shed from renal tubules of both domestic and wild animals, and can remain viable in the soil and environment for weeks to months. That said, leptospires are inactivated by UV radiation and freezing. Infection can also occur through intact mucous membranes or abraded skin with direct or indirect exposure to urine. Rarely, leptospirosis can be transmitted via bite wound, ingestions of infected tissue (e.g., eating raw meat), or by venereal or placental transfer).

In this VetGirl blog, we review the basics about leptospirosis, a thin, motile spirochete with a hook-shaped end that results in zoonotic disease in veterinary medicine. With canine leptospirosis, infection with certain serovars are thought to be associated with certain types and severities of clinical disease, although this is not definitive (Goldstein et al). L. pomona appears to result in more severe renal disease and worse outcome (50% as compared to 78-81%) as compared to other serogroups (Goldstein et al).

Pronunciation help from Dr. Ashleigh Newman!

In this VetGirl podcast, we interview Dr. Greg Lisciandro, DABVP, DACVECC about ultrasound techniques in small animal medicine.

When it comes to treating skin disease, we know that Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common cause of canine pyoderma. Previous dermatology studies have found that dogs with superficial or deep bacterial pyoderma respond well to clindamycin administration, with success rates of approximately 71-100%. As a result, dermatologists often recommend using clindamycin hydrochloride as an antibiotic for systemic therapy to treat canine pyoderma, with a dosage ranging is 5.5-11 mg/kg once a day to twice a day. In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss whether or not you can use clindamycin at 11mg/kg once-aday versus 5.5 mg/kg twice-a-day when it comes to dosing in dogs.

In today's VetGirl podcast, we interview Dr. Hilary Hu, PhD candidate at Iowa State University. Dr. Hu and Dr. Nick Jeffery are conducting a clinical study on the experimental use of chondroitinase, which may improve outcome in dogs after spinal cord injury.

In this final Lyme VetGirl podcast, we review 3 clinical cases. Decide if you want to treat or not, and see if you learned all you need to know about both acute and Lyme disease and chronic Lyme nephritis.

Did your patient just ingest a toxic amount of acetaminophen (commonly called paracetamol in other countries)? Acetaminophen toxicosis is commonly seen in dogs and cats, and can result in liver failure, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), oxidative injury, methemoglobinemia, and Heinz body anemia. In dogs, the toxic dose is > 100 mg/kg, while in ferrets and cats, the toxic dose is as little as 10 mg/kg. This VetGirl podcast reviews all you need to know about acetaminophen toxicity. Thankfully, this toxicity has an antidote, n-acetylcysteine (NAC).

In this VetGirl podcast, we review initial treatment of chronic Lyme nephritis, focusing specifically on antihypertensive therapy, ACEi therapy, nutritional support, and possible immunosuppressive therapy. For chronic Lyme disease, appropriate monitoring for proteinuria or microalbuminuria should be performed q. 3-6 months. In patients that have continued proteinuria (after 4-6 weeks of antibiotic therapy), a renal biopsy should be considered (to rule out an immune-mediated glomerulonephritis), along with a low-protein diet, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) therapy, and an additional course of antibiotic therapy. If evidence of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is seen, the use of immunosuppressive therapy is warranted (e.g., azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate, etc.).

In this VetGirl podcast, we review initial treatment of chronic Lyme nephritis, focusing specifically on fluid therapy and gastrointestinal support. For chronic Lyme disease, appropriate monitoring for proteinuria or microalbuminuria should be performed q. 3-6 months. In patients that have continued proteinuria (after 4-6 weeks of antibiotic therapy), a renal biopsy should be considered (to rule out an immune-mediated glomerulonephritis), along with a low-protein diet, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) therapy, and an additional course of antibiotic therapy. If evidence of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is seen, the use of immunosuppressive therapy is warranted (e.g., azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate, etc.).

Phacoemulsification, or small incision cataract surgery, is the preferred technique for removal of cataracts in dogs. Previous studies evaluating visual outcomes following phacoemulsification in dogs report success rates varying from 71.4 -; 95.3%. However, there are some potential complications of phacoemulsification, including post-operative ocular hypertension (POH), uveitis, retinal detachment, and secondary glaucoma. In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss the success rate for restoring vision after cataract surgery with foldable intraocular lens implantation…and what you need to know about when it comes to the Boston terrier breed!

In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss clinical signs seen with Lyme disease. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). In canine patients suspected of having Lyme disease based on a positive 3DX or 4DX SNAP test, the decision to treat should be based on the presence of clinical signs, breeds at risk for developing life-threatening chronic effects (e.g., breeds predisposed to Lyme nephritis), and presence of proteinuria or microalbuminuria.

When it comes to skunks, we all know that they can cause an odiferous problem to dogs (and less commonly, cats). Most of us have the “skunk bathing formula” ready to recite to owners on the phone. However, when skunk exposures happen, do we warn pet owners about the other potential health risks that can occur? This VetGirl podcast reviews skunk musk toxicity, and how it can result in oxidative injury, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia.

In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss clinical signs seen with Lyme disease. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). In dogs, three states of Lyme disease can be seen. With acute Lyme disease, dogs typically develop transient fever, lethargy, depression, hesitance to move, anorexia, pain, lymphadenopathy, and acute arthritis (seen as a mono- or polyarthropathy). Joints may be inflamed and warm to the touch. Sub-acute signs may also be seen, where lameness can last several weeks. While clinical arthritis may be transient, inflammatory changes to the synovial fluid may be ongoing and potentially persistent. Typically, lameness in dogs occurs months after tick exposure. Chronic signs include cardiac changes (e.g., bradyarrhythmias such as heart block, etc.), neurologic signs, arthritis and changes related to Lyme nephritis (estimated to occur in 1-2% of dogs affected by Lyme disease).

What the heck is BNP? BNP stands for B-type natriuretic peptide, and is released from left atrial stretch (commonly seen with cardiac disease and congestive heart failure). How important is it, and can it help my patient? In this VetGirl veterinary CE podcast, Dr. Marc Kraus, a board-certified cardiologist on faculty at Cornell University, tells us all we need to know about this soon-to-be bedside test.

In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss transmission, pathophysiology and testing for Lyme disease. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). While Bb can be transmitted by urine, milk, and blood, the most common transmission is likely via tick infestation by hard-shell deer ticks (e.g., Ixodes scapularis or other related Ixodes species). Ixodes ticks have a 2-year life cycle and hatch in the spring (into larvae). A female tick lays approximately 2000 eggs. Larvae become infected with Bb when feeding on white-footed mice, which are persistently infected, but often remain unaffected or asymptomatic. The larvae molt into nymphs that feed on new hosts. While nymphs are less effective vectors than adult ticks, they can still infect their hosts within the four-day feeding period. Likewise, nymphs can become infected when feeding on an infected animal. In the fall, nymphs molt to adults, with 50% of adult ticks in the Northeast estimated to be carrying Bb. Once the tick attaches and feeds, the spirochetes (which live in the midgut of the tick) begin to migrate to the salivary gland and enter the host. Risk of infection is believed to be minimal during the first 12 hours of feeding. Typically, transmission of Bb occurs during prolonged feeding periods (typically > 48 hours).

Bromethalin is a mouse and rat poison that may sound like brodifacoum or bromadiolone, but it has nothing to do with Vitamin K1 or coagulopathy. Bromethalin results in cerebral edema and has a narrow margin of safety. Check out this VetGirl veterinary podcast to learn more about this rodenticide that is becoming more prevalent due to new EPA mandates!

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Mast cell tumors (MCT) are the #1 cutaneous dermal mass of dogs. As MCT exfoliate well, aspirates are often diagnostic. However, before looking at it in-house, keep in mind that Diff-Quik does not stain the granules of MCT well. This VetGirl veterinary CE podcast reviews whether staining for a longer period of time in Diff-Quik helps, or whether or not you should just submit for Wright's stain analysis!

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Just aspirated fluid from your patient? Not exactly sure what to look for or run on the fluid? In this VetGirl veterinary podcast, Dr. Ashleigh Newman (clinical pathology resident guru at Cornell) gives us some clin path tips on what to do what that effusion.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Have a patient that you suspect was poisoned by an anticoagulant rodenticide (ACR; also called long-acting anticoagulant or "LAAC")? When in doubt, consider the usefulness of anticoagulant rodenticide screening, as it is readily available at veterinary diagnostic laboratories. That said, it may take days to weeks before results are available. Find out in this VetGirl podcast what the best clinical tool for diagnosing ACR in the ER.

Dr. Marie Holowaychuk, a board-certified veterinary emergency critical care specialist, discusses 5 misconceptions that many veterinary professionals have about trauma cases. Before you treat your next HBC (hit-by-car), make sure to check out this VetGirl veterinary podcast for some key simple trauma tips! Dr. Holowaychuk discusses key things like, giving shock boluses of fluids, treating with steroids, or euthanizing those trauma patients.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Did your in-house hematology analyzer just go down? Have to do a blood smear? In this VetGirl veterinary CE podcast, Dr. Ashleigh Newman (our clinical pathology guru, who is a resident at Cornell) gives us some tips on interpreting your blood smear accurately and appropriately. As in vitro, artifactual changes can occur in hematology samples, make sure to perform a fresh blood smear (at the time of blood collection) to submit with your hematology sample and to look at it in-house!

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

In this VetGirl podcast, Dr. Marie Holowaychuk reviews the use of intramuscular (IM) glargine insulin in cats for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). While we were always taught that you should only ever use regular insulin IM, this study may prove otherwise! So before you refer all your DKA cases away, pay heed to this VetGirl podcast!

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in our veterinary patients, and can sometimes be tricky to diagnose and treat appropriately. An aerobic urine culture is the gold standard, allowing identification of the infectious agent and a sensitivity profile to direct treatment; however, this test takes several days to get back, and treatment (in other words, appropriate use of antibiotics!) is often required in the meantime. This veterinary podcast reviews the importance of Gram staining urine versus evaluating an unstained urine sediment exam for the detection of bacteriuria in dogs with suspected UTI. Stain your urine!

The use of colloids is more commonly utilized in veterinary medicine as a means of increasing colloid osmotic pressure (COP). Rarely, there are complications associated with the use of colloids, including volume overload and effects on coagulation (hypocoagulability). This veterinary podcast reviews the effects of the synthetic colloid hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) on coagulation and reiterates how clinical patients receiving synthetic colloids should be monitored for changes in their coagulation profiles and treated accordingly.

In this VetGirl podcast, Heidi Brenegan, Director of Marketing at Animal Emergency & Referral Center of Minnesota discusses different payment plan options available for pet owners and for your clinic. Need more than just Care Credit out there? Learn about a new payment system called PaymentBanc that allows draft payments from your pet owner's banking account without it affecting (or costing) your clinic anything!

Feline cardiac disease and secondary congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common presenting complaint to the ER or ICU. Treatment often includes diuretics (e.g., furosemide), oxygen therapy, calcium channel blockers, and other cardiac medications. Recently, the use of pimobendan has been evaluated to treat cats with heart failure. Should we wait to get our echocardiogram results before starting pimobendan? Is HCM a contraindication for giving pimobendan? This veterinary podcast reviews whether the use of oral pimobedan is beneficial, and what contraindications exist.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Gastric-dilatation volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening emergency seen in large and giant breed dogs. Immediate stabilization includes IV access, aggressive fluid resuscitation, and gastric decompression. The question is, what's the best way to decompress the stomach? This veterinary podcast weighs the pros and cons of trocharization versus orogastric tube placement. After all, trocharization is way easier... but does it work?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an important technique to master in veterinary medicine. After all, none of us like having our patients undergo cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). While the prognosis for survival from CPA is guarded even with CPR, it's important to be aware of the new updates in CPR (e.g., AHA guidelines, RECOVER) as it has some potential applications to veterinary species and might contribute to improved outcomes. Check out our 7 podcasts on RECOVER for additional information on CPR also.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Have a patient that just ate some baby diaper rash cream? (VetGirl's personal fav? Boudreaux's Baby Butt Paste). How worried should you be? This VetGirl podcast reviews zinc oxide toxicosis, and whether it's going to result in heavy metal toxicosis or not.

Have an aggressive dog that you can't get near? Need to sedate it but don't know what's the most effective sedative? Have a C-section and not sure what to anesthetize the dog with? Today's VETgirl podcast interviews Dr. Jane Quandt, DVM, DACVA, DACVECC for some fantastic anesthesia and pre-medication hints for dogs!

Years ago, while running a stat cytology back from the surgery suite to the clinical pathologist, the nice clinical pathology resident asked me "Did you blot this before you made an impression smear onto the slide?" (He did this after looking at my blood-stained, non-diagnostic stat cytology). Doh. No. Here, in this VetGirl veterinary podcast, Dr. Ashleigh Newman (clinical pathology resident guru at Cornell) gives us some great tips on what common mistakes to avoid when preparing cytology. You know, like simple hints of blogging your organ before making an impression smear...

Have a fractious cat that you need to sedate? Want to consider using an epidural for a feline urethral obstruction (FUO)? Dr. Jane Quandt, DVM, DACVA, DACVECC, discusses some great anesthesia and pre-medication tips for cats. Today's VETgirl podcast interviews Dr. Quandt for some fast, efficient, helpful tips that every veterinary practitioner must review!

The use of arterial (ABG) or venous blood gases (VBG) plays an important role in both the ER and ICU. One particular parameter of the blood gas - the base excess (BE) - has been shown to be indicators of shock, intra-abdominal injury, fluid requirements, efficacy of resuscitation, and to be predictive of mortality after injury in human trauma patients. In human trauma patients, base excess (BE) also been used to predict which patients require blood transfusions within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Does this apply in veterinary medicine? Check out this podcast to find out if the BE is your new BFF (Best Friend Forever!)!

DKA, otherwise known as diabetic ketoacidosis (AKA "Diabetes Kills Animals"), is an endocrine emergency that can be costly - but fun and exciting - to treat. This veterinary podcast reviews how to diagnose DKA for $5 or less and overall emergency management of DKA (including fluid therapy, correction of electrolyte abnormalities, insulin therapy, and treatment for the severe metabolic acidosis).

Just diagnosis a peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) incidentally on chest radiographs? Not sure if it need to be cut? PPDH is a developmental malformation that allows abdominal contents to slide through a hernia in the diaphragm directly into the pericardial sac. Clinical signs of PPDH, if there are any in your patient, can be attributed to compression of the heart by contents in the pericardial sac or adverse effects on the organs that are herniating. Check out this veterinary podcast to find out if medical versus surgical management is warranted!

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provide analgesia by altering the body's inflammatory response. However, when ingested in toxic amounts, severe clinical signs can be seen. The question remains, what NSAIDS are safe for dogs? What NSAIDS are safe for cats? What side effects should we monitor for in these patients? More importantly, how do we treat NSAID toxicosis? VetGirl answers all things NSAIDs in this veterinary podcast.

Not sure what you're looking at on your in-house cytology? Dr. Ashleigh Newman, clinical pathology guru resident from Cornell, discusses how to approach evaluating a cytology smear in this VetGirl veterinary podcast.

The use of goal directed therapy (GDT) is prevalent in human medicine, based off a 2001 study by Rivers et al in New England Journal of Medicine. This concept has improved outcome in patients with stroke, acute myocardial infarct, and trauma. Can we apply GDT to veterinary medicine? In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl discusses the concept of goal directed therapy in veterinary medicine, and how we can better apply it to our critically ill patients.

Although more common in cats, aortic thromboembolism (ATE) can be seen in dogs as well. While ATE in cats is commonly seen with heart disease, the pathogenesis and presentation of ATE in dogs can be variable. In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl evaluates ATE in dogs including presentation, underlying causes, treatment options, and prognosis.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

The use of steroids in head trauma is a hot topic in both human and veterinary medicine. Theoretically, steroids can reduce inflammation; however, there are many adverse effects which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. While the use of steroids with trauma is debated, the use of steroids with head trauma is currently considered contraindicated. Why? In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl discusses why steroids are bad following head trauma in veterinary medicine.

Don't feel comfortable interpreting abnormal electrocardiograms (ECG)? Can't tell the difference between a bundle branch block from a ventricular arrhythmia? Dr. Marc Kraus, a board-certified cardiologist on faculty at Cornell University, offers a few simple clues to help differentiate ventricular versus sinus arrhythmias, how to calculate heart rate, and more!

All types of veterinarians, from general practitioners to emergency clinicians to specialist end up treating seizuring patients. So, when it comes to treating them, what's your favorite “go to” anticonvulsant therapy? Ultimately, our goal of anticonvulsant therapy is to eradicate all seizure activity… or at least minimize them to less than 1 per 3 months, ideally. Although this goal may not be possible in every patient, we hope to achieve this goal. With that in mind, which anticonvulsant will help you achieve this? Which one would a neurologist pick? In this veterinary podcast, we compare phenobarbital and potassium bromide in treatment of seizures in dogs.

Xylitol, a natural, sugar-free sweetener, is becoming more prevalent in human foods, baked goods, gums, mints, and consumer products (like mouthwashes, tooth brushes, nasal sprays, chewable multivitamins, etc.). While it is very safe in people, it poses a significant poisoning risk in dogs. That's because xylitol is a strong promoter of insulin release and can cause severe hypoglycemia and acute hepatic necrosis. This VetGirl podcast reviews xylitol toxicosis in veterinary medicine, including toxic doses, clinical signs, and life-saving treatment.

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease in dogs and cats. Unfortunately, while diabetes mellitus alone is often easy to manage, complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can occur. DKA is a serious complication which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In the emergency room, we often use regular insulin for the treatment of DKA patients. However, with recent drug shortages and backorders, regular insulin is less readily available. What do you do if you no longer can obtain regular insulin? In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl evaluates the use of a new, short acting insulin, Lispro™, in the treatment of ketoacidotic patients to help determine if this is a reasonable alternative to regular insulin therapy.

Albumin is the primary determinate of colloid osmotic pressure (COP). Albumin plays key roles within the body. Hypoproteinemia has been associated with a poorer outcome in numerous diseases (e.g., sepsis, etc.). For this reason, the use of albumin transfusions has become more popular in the past 5-10 years. Due to the side effects of human serum albumin (HSA) administration in veterinary medicine, canine specific albumin (CSA) has been developed. In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl evaluates the usefulness of canine specific albumin in dogs with septic peritonitis.

Oncology cases can be challenging. Something as simple as knowing when to remove a slow growing mass versus when to perform a fine needle aspirate (FNA) prior to biopsy are important tips to know. Dr. Sue Ettinger, DACVIM (Oncology), discusses some important management tools to implement into your oncology patients. Check out this VetGirl veterinary podcast to find out when to start prednisone!

Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) is an accepted method for acute kidney injury (AKI) in both human and veterinary medicine. It is often considered in patients with severe azotemia, hyperkalemia, fluid overload, or severe clinical signs. While it can be a life-saving therapy, most current publish information only evaluates the short-term outcome following IHD. In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl discusses common reasons to consider intermittent therapy, and also evaluates IHD's use on long-term outcomes based on underlying diseases.

This VetGirl veterinary podcast tells you how you can implement asthma inhalers and chambers in your clinic and for your patients with feline asthma or canine chronic bronchitis. The use of inhaler steroids (e.g., fluticasone) and/or beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) can be life-saving in patients with acute respiratory distress. However, appropriate use and medical management (including oral systemic drug therapy) is imperative!

Just made a blood smear? Not really sure what you're looking at? In this VetGirl veterinary podcast, Dr. Ashleigh Newman (clinical pathology resident guru who evaluates blood smears all day long!) gives us a few hints on how to approach blood smear evaluation. Don't forget to focus on red blood cell morphology, platelet clumps, parasites and more!

Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels. It has an opposite effect of insulin in the body. An injectable form of glucagon is available and can be considered in hypoglycemic patients (e.g., insulin overdose). In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl discusses the use of subcutaneous glucagon in veterinary medicine.

Diagnosing congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs and cats can be challenging. In this VetGirl veterinary podcast, Dr. Anna Gelzer, DACVIM, provides some simple tips - found on physical exam - in diagnosing CHF. That way, you can figure out how to treat it sooner!

The impedance threshold device (ITD) is a device which attaches to the end of an endotracheal tube; it is used in human medicine to enhance circulation during CPR. You can find great information here about it's use in human medicine. This device works by regulating the influx of gases into the chest during the chest wall recoil phase. In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl discusses the ITD and how it affects the outcome of patients during CPR. Should we be using this in veterinary medicine?

Think you're all over that poisoning case? Just going to induce vomiting and give it some charcoal? Well, before doing that, don't forget about those contraindications for emesis induction. More importantly, make sure you're using the appropriate emetic agent to begin with. In this VetGirl podcast, find out all the pros and cons of emesis induction in this veterinary podcast. It's full of vomitus.

In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss the use of cathartics, when to use them, and potential side effects (e.g., hypernatremia) seen with their use. Decontamination is still the mainstay treatment of the poisoned veterinary patient. While activated charcoal is commonly used as an adsorbent, there are several forms of activated charcoal: those containing a cathartic (e.g., sorbitol) and those that do not contain a cathartic. Find out all you need to know about accelerating defecation with cathartics!

It is well documented that human trauma patients with low levels of ionized calcium at admission are at increased risk for death. As calcium has many important functions in the body, hypocalcemia can lead to numerous systemic abnormalities. In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl evaluates the importance of calcium in the body -; particularly in veterinary trauma patients - and evaluates how calcium levels may affect overall treatment plan and outcome in veterinary medicine.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page. Suggested reading: 1. Lee JA, Drobatz KJ, Koch MW, et al. Indications for and outcome of positive-pressure ventilation in cats: 53 cats (1993-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226(6):924-931. 2. Hopper K, Haskins SC, Kass PH, et al. Indications, management, and outcome of long-term positive-pressure ventilation in dogs and cats: 148 cases (1990-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;230(1):64-75. 3. Edwards TH, Coleman AE, Brainard BM, et al. Outcome of positive-pressure ventilation in dogs and cats with congestive heart failure: 16 cases (1992-2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2014;24(5):586-593. 4. Campbell VL, King LG. Pulmonary function, ventilator management, and outcome of dogs with thoracic trauma and pulmonary contusions: 10 cases (1994-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217(10):1505-1509.

The impedance threshold device (ITD) is a device used to enhance circulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This device works by regulating the influx of gases into the chest during the chest wall recoil phase. In this podcast, VetGirl discusses the ITD and how it affects the outcome of patients with hemorrhagic shock.

In this VetGirl podcast, we review baclofen toxicity, a centrally-acting muscle relaxant used commonly in human medicine. Unfortunately, ingestion by veterinary patients can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical signs of baclofen toxicosis include severe dysphoria, agitation, profound sedation, bradycardia, hypoventilation, coma, and death. In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss common clinical signs when ingested by dogs and cats, treatment options, and prognosis.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE), otherwise known as intravenous fat emulsion (IFE), in veterinary medicine. ILE has been documented now in both human and veterinary medicine as an antidote for fat-soluble drug toxicities such as macrocylic lactones (e.g., ivermectin, moxidectin), local anesthetics, baclofen, cholecalciferol, etc.). In this VetGirl podcast, we discuss how ILE works, what toxins it is effective for, and how to use this exciting antidote option.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page. Suggested reading: 1. Waddell L. Blood gas analysis. Clinicians Brief 2012.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

Transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) is a common treatment for anemia. Transfusion to a normal PCV is unnecessary and may result in fluid overload due to the volume needed to return the PCV back to the normal range. The goal of pRBC transfusion is to alleviate the clinical signs associated with anemia or decreased oxygen content (CaO2). The question is: how much blood do you have to give to achieve the “desired packed cell volume (PCV)?” In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl will examine transfusion formulas to help you determine how much blood you need to give for these anemic patients.

Chylous effusions are produced when lymph escapes lymphatic vessels to enter the body cavities, commonly the pleural space. In this veterinary podcast, VetGirl evaluates the causes of chylothorax, the species we commonly see this disease in, treatment options, and the outcome with treatment.

Should no animal die without the benefit of steroids? Like a pendulum, the use of corticosteroids is constantly being debated, up one day, down another day. While corticosteroids have many theoretical benefits (e.g., including decreased inflammation, anti-tumor properties, and enhancing appetite), there are many adverse effects which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In this podcast, VetGirl discusses the use of steroids in trauma patients in veterinary medicine, including the benefits and risks associated with its administration.

Questions? You can always contact us via our Contact Us page.

In the next installment of “Your patient ate what?” VetGirl talks about fertilizer toxicosis. While most pet owners often blame clinical signs on fertilizers, they generally have a wide margin of safety. This VetGirl podcast reviews common components of fertilizers, clinical signs expected, and treatment options.

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) or oncotic pressure is a measure of water attracting force, which is due to important proteins such as albumin within the body. This is often affected with significant blood loss, loss of protein (either from lack of production or loss via the gastrointestinal tract, liver or kidneys), vascular permeability, or following massive fluid therapy. Rapid measurement in critically ill patients is important to help determine the best method of treatment (e.g., the use of crystalloids versus colloids). In this podcast, VetGirl evaluates the accuracy of testing COP on whole blood as compared to plasma.

This VETgirl podcast reviews the dangers of fluorouracil, also referred to as 5-FU. 5-FU is a topical chemotherapeutic agent commonly prescribed for human actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell carcinomas. When accidentally ingested by dogs and cats, this topical cream can be life-threatening as it has a very narrow margin of safety. In this VETgirl podcast, we discuss toxicosis concerns including decontamination, clinical signs, treatment options, and prognosis. When in doubt, contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) for life-saving advice 24/7 as needed!

Lower motor nerve diseases (LMND) cause fatigue, weakness, and collapse. If severe, LMND can affect respiratory muscles, resulting in hypoventilation. In this podcast, VetGirl evaluates causes for lower motor neuron diseases, indications for mechanical ventilation/positive pressure ventilation (PPV), and the outcome of patients treated with PPV. Before putting your LMND patient on a ventilator, do you know the pros and cons?

Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) are complications that are seen following head trauma, notably resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI). PTS has been well documented in human medicine, but not well documented in veterinary medicine. While we commonly warn pet owners about the risks of seizures post-trauma, how prevalent is it? In this podcast, VetGirl evaluates the risk, incidence, and treatment of cats with seizures following head trauma.

Feline urethral obstruction (FUO) is a common emergency condition seen in feline medicine. This disease is not only life-threatening, but can be painful as well. Once the acute obstruction has been relieved, the focus is often shifted to pain management to help reduce urethral spasm. In this VetGirl podcast, we evaluate the use of a new pain management technique - coccygeal epidurals - and how this easy to perform technique may benefit cats with FUO. For more information, check out our epidural video, where we walk through the steps of what you need and how to perform an epidural.

When's the last time you had to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a patient? Do you know all the cutting edge updates in veterinary medicine? These seven VetGirl podcasts looks at the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) updates, which assess the scientific evidence relevant to small animal CPR guidelines for dogs and cats. This podcast reviews Part 4 of the RECOVER project.

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Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy is one of the most commonly used therapies for hypotension in veterinary medicine. Despite numerous research studies, there is still a question as to what fluid type is best. Should we be reaching for crystalloids, colloids, hemoglobin oxygen carriers (HBOCs), or canine specific albumin (CSA)? In this podcast, VetGirl will evaluate the types of fluid options, indications, and clinical pearls to help you guide fluid therapy in your practice.

In today's VETgirl online veterinary continuing education podcast, we review the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE), otherwise known as intravenous fat emulsion (IFE), in veterinary medicine. ILE has been documented in both human and veterinary medicine as a possible antidote for fat-soluble drug toxicities such as macrocylic lactones (e.g., ivermectin, moxidectin), local anesthetics, baclofen, cholecalciferol, etc.). In this VETgirl podcast, we discuss how ILE works, what toxins it is effective for, and how to use this exciting antidote option.

Decontamination (which includes emesis induction, gastric lavage, and/or administration of activated charcoal) is an important step in the treatment of the poisoned veterinary patient. Before decontaminating, the pros and cons should be considered, including: the type of toxin itself, the time since ingestion, the stability of the patient, and choosing the appropriate emetic agent. When choosing to induce emesis in dogs and cats, the appropriate emetiic agent should be used (e.g., dogs: peroxide or apomorphine; cats: xylazine). In this VetGirl podcast, we answer all of these important questions to help best treat the poisoned patient.