Dr. Zach Cost and Dr. Tem Bendapudi join the show to discuss the literature pertaining to tranexamic acid and thromboembolic risk. Dr. Zach Cost is an anesthesia resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Pavan (“Tem”) Bendapudi holds a joint faculty appointment in the Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service and is assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. This podcast was recorded as part of the Depth of Anesthesia podcast elective. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and share our content with your colleagues. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter (X) @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References CRASH-2 trial collaborators; Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, Dewan Y, El-Sayed H, Gogichaishvili T, Gupta S, Herrera J, Hunt B, Iribhogbe P, Izurieta M, Khamis H, Komolafe E, Marrero MA, Mejía-Mantilla J, Miranda J, Morales C, Olaomi O, Olldashi F, Perel P, Peto R, Ramana PV, Ravi RR, Yutthakasemsunt S. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Jul 3;376(9734):23-32. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5. Epub 2010 Jun 14. PMID: 20554319. Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, et al. Anti‐fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;(1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001886.pub3 Ker K, Edwards P, Perel P, Shakur H, Roberts I. Effect of tranexamic acid on surgical bleeding: systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;344:e3054. doi:10.1136/bmj.e3054 Myles PS, Smith JA, Forbes A, et al. Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Coronary-Artery Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(2):136-148. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606424 Devereaux PJ, Marcucci M, Painter TW, et al. Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;386(21):1986-1997. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201171 POISE 3 PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation-3 (POISE-3) study Shakur H, Roberts I, Fawole B, et al. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum hemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2017;389(10084):2105-2116. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4 Roberts I, Shakur-Still H, Afolabi A, et al. Effects of a high-dose 24-h infusion of tranexamic acid on death and thromboembolic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (HALT-IT): an international randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2020;395(10241):1927-1936. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30848-5 Taeuber I, Weibel S, Herrmann E, et al. Association of Intravenous Tranexamic Acid With Thromboembolic Events and Mortality: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression. JAMA Surgery. 2021;156(6):e210884. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0884

Dr. Mark Neuman and Dr. Sam Falkson join the show to discuss the literature around risks of regional versus general anesthesia for postoperative delirium. Dr. Neuman is the founding Director of the Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation and Professor of Anesthesiology at Penn Medicine. Dr. Sam Falkson is an anesthesia resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital. This podcast was recorded as part of the Depth of Anesthesia podcast elective. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and share our content with your colleagues. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter (X) @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Guay J, Parker MJ, Gajendragadkar PR, Kopp S. Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2(2):CD000521. Ravi B, Pincus D, Choi S, Jenkinson R, Wasserstein DN, Redelmeier DA. Association of duration of surgery with postoperative delirium among patients receiving hip fracture repair. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e190111. Patel V, Champaneria R, Dretzke J, Yeung J. Effect of regional versus general anaesthesia on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(12):e020757. Zheng X, Tan Y, Gao Y, Liu Z. Comparative efficacy of Neuraxial and general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Anesthesiol. 2020 Jun 30;20(1):162. Neuman MD, Feng R, Carson JL, et al. Spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia for hip surgery in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(22):2025-2035. Rathmell JP, Avidan MS. Patient-centered outcomes after general and spinal anesthesia. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 25;385(22):2088–9. Stone AB, Poeran J, Memtsoudis SG. There remains a role for neuraxial anesthesia for hip fracture surgery in the post-REGAIN era. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2023 Aug;48(8):430-432. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2022-104071. Epub 2023 Mar 28. PMID: 36977527. Li T, Li J, Yuan L, et al. Effect of regional vs general anesthesia on incidence of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: the raga randomized trial. JAMA. 2022;327(1):50-58.

Dr. Nick Kumar and Dr. Andy Siemens from the Massachusetts General Hospital anesthesia residency join the show to discuss the literature comparing double lumen endotracheal tubes and bronchial blockers. Dr. Dan Saddawi-Konefka joins as our faculty expert - special thanks to Dan for supporting the ongoing Depth of Anesthesia podcast elective. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and share our content with your colleagues. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Clayton-Smith A, Bennett K, Alston RP, Adams G, Brown G, Hawthorne T, Hu M, Sinclair A, Tan J. A Comparison of the Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Double-Lumen Endobronchial Tubes and Bronchial Blockers in Thoracic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2015 Aug;29(4):955-66. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.11.017. Epub 2014 Dec 2. PMID: 25753765. Uwe Klein, Waheedullah Karzai, Frank Bloos, Mathias Wohlfarth, Reiner Gottschall, Harald Fritz, Michael Gugel, Albrecht Seifert; Role of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Conjunction with the Use of Double-lumen Tubes for Thoracic Anesthesia : A Prospective Study. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:346–350 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199802000-00012 Risse J, Szeder K, Schubert AK, Wiesmann T, Dinges HC, Feldmann C, Wulf H, Meggiolaro KM. Comparison of left double lumen tube and y-shaped and double-ended bronchial blocker for one lung ventilation in thoracic surgery-a randomised controlled clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022 Apr 2;22(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s12871-022-01637-1. PMID: 35366801; PMCID: PMC8976407. Morris BN, Fernando RJ, Garner CR, Johnson SD, Gardner JC, Marchant BE, Johnson KN, Harris HM, Russell GB, Wudel LJ Jr, Templeton TW. A Randomized Comparison of Positional Stability: The EZ-Blocker Versus Left-Sided Double-Lumen Endobronchial Tubes in Adult Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 Aug;35(8):2319-2325. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.056. Epub 2020 Nov 28. PMID: 33419686. Jo Mourisse, Jordi Liesveld, Ad Verhagen, Garance van Rooij, Stefan van der Heide, Olga Schuurbiers-Siebers, Erik Van der Heijden; Efficiency, Efficacy, and Safety of EZ-Blocker Compared with Left-sided Double-lumen Tube for One-lung Ventilation. Anesthesiology 2013; 118:550–561 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182834f2d

It's our first solo episode! We review the evidence around perioperative use of gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) and discuss interesting concepts including trial sequential analysis and minimally important difference. If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and share our content with your colleagues.  — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you’d like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Dirks J, Fredensborg BB, Christensen D, Fomsgaard JS, Flyger H, Dahl JB. A randomized study of the effects of single-dose gabapentin versus placebo on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after mastectomy. Anesthesiology. 2002 Sep;97(3):560-4. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200209000-00007. PMID: 12218520. Ian Gilron; Is Gabapentin a “Broad-spectrum” Analgesic?. Anesthesiology 2002; 97:537–539 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200209000-00004 Mishriky BM, Waldron NH, Habib AS. Impact of pregabalin on acute and persistent postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jan;114(1):10-31. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu293. Epub 2014 Sep 10. PMID: 25209095.Fabritius ML, Geisler A, Petersen PL, Nikolajsen L, Hansen MS, Kontinen V, Hamunen K, Dahl JB, Wetterslev J, Mathiesen O. Gabapentin for post-operative pain management - a systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Oct;60(9):1188-208. doi: 10.1111/aas.12766. Epub 2016 Jul 18. Erratum in: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017 Mar;61(3):357-359. PMID: 27426431. Chan JSK, Harky A. Trial sequential analysis in meta-analyses: A clinically oriented approach with real-world example. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021 Jul;162(1):167-173. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.06.063. Epub 2020 Jun 27. PMID: 32868066. Clephas PRD, Kranke P, Heesen M. How to perform and write a trial sequential analysis. Anaesthesia. 2022 Jul 13. doi: 10.1111/anae.15811. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35831946. Michael Verret, François Lauzier, Ryan Zarychanski, Caroline Perron, Xavier Savard, Anne-Marie Pinard, Guillaume Leblanc, Marie-Joëlle Cossi, Xavier Neveu, Alexis F. Turgeon, the Canadian Perioperative Anesthesia Clinical Trials (PACT) Group; Perioperative Use of Gabapentinoids for the Management of Postoperative Acute Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2020; 133:265–279 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003428 Deljou A, Hedrick SJ, Portner ER, Schroeder DR, Hooten WM, Sprung J, Weingarten TN. Pattern of perioperative gabapentinoid use and risk for postoperative naloxone administration. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Apr;120(4):798-806. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.113. Epub 2018 Feb 10. PMID: 29576120. Kharasch ED, Clark JD, Kheterpal S. Perioperative Gabapentinoids: Deflating the Bubble. Anesthesiology. 2020 Aug;133(2):251-254. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003394. PMID: 32667153; PMCID: PMC7367437.

Dr. Chris Di Capua and Dr. Bryan Glezerson (@BryanGlezerson) join the show to discuss the literature around the risk of aspiration with LMAs compared to ETTs. This is an episode produced from the Depth of Anesthesia Podcast Elective that’s available to MGH anesthesia residents. Special thanks to Dr. Saddawi-Konefka for supporting the initiative. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you’d like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Keller C, Sparr HJ, Luger TJ, Brimacombe J. Patient outcomes with positive pressure versus spontaneous ventilation in non-paralysed adults with the laryngeal mask. Can J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;45(6):564-7. doi: 10.1007/BF03012709. PMID: 9669012. Bernardini A, Natalini G. Risk of pulmonary aspiration with laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube: analysis on 65 712 procedures with positive pressure ventilation. Anaesthesia. 2009 Dec;64(12):1289-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06140.x. Epub 2009 Oct 23. PMID: 19860753. Qamarul Hoda M, Samad K, Ullah H. ProSeal versus Classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for positive pressure ventilation in adults undergoing elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7(7):CD009026. Published 2017 Jul 20. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009026.pub2 Maltby JR, Beriault MT, Watson NC, Fick GH. Gastric distension and ventilation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: LMA-Classic vs. tracheal intubation. Can J Anaesth. 2000 Jul;47(7):622-6. doi: 10.1007/BF03018993. PMID: 10930200. Kim D, Park S, Kim JM, Choi GS, Kim GS. Second generation laryngeal mask airway during laparoscopic living liver donor hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Nature. 2021 Feb 11;11(1):3532. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83173-5. PMID: 33574495; PMCID: PMC7878811. Parikh SS, Parekh SB, Doshi C, Vyas V. ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway versus Cuffed Endotracheal Tube for Laparoscopic Surgical Procedures under General Anesthesia: A Random Comparative Study. Anesth Essays Res. 2017;11(4):958-963. doi:10.4103/aer.AER_97_17 Park SK, Ko G, Choi GJ, Ahn EJ, Kang H. Comparison between supraglottic airway devices and endotracheal tubes in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Aug;95(33):e4598. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004598. PMID: 27537593; PMCID: PMC5370819. White LD, Thang C, Hodsdon A, Melhuish TM, Barron FA, Godsall MG, Vlok R. Comparison of Supraglottic Airway Devices With Endotracheal Intubation in Low-Risk Patients for Cesarean Delivery: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2020 Oct;131(4):1092-1101. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004618. PMID: 32925330. Halaseh BK, Sukkar ZF, Hassan LH, Sia AT, Bushnaq WA, Adarbeh H. The use of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in caesarean section--experience in 3000 cases. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2010 Nov;38(6):1023-8. doi: 10.1177/0310057X1003800610. PMID: 21226432. Nicholson A, Cook TM, Smith AF, Lewis SR, Reed SS. Supraglottic airway devices versus tracheal intubation for airway management during general anaesthesia in obese patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 9;(9):CD010105. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010105.pub2. PMID: 24014230.

Dr. Chris Di Capua and Dr. Bryan Glezerson (@BryanGlezerson) join the show to discuss the literature around the risk of aspiration with LMAs compared to ETTs. This is part I of a two-part series on LMAs. In part II, we discuss the safety of LMAs in specific patient populations including patients receiving positive pressure ventilation, patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, obese patients, and pregnant patients. This is an episode produced from the Depth of Anesthesia Podcast Elective that’s available to MGH anesthesia residents. Special thanks to Dr. Saddawi-Konefka for supporting the initiative. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you’d like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Barker P, Langton JA, Murphy PJ, Rowbotham DJ: Regurgitation of gastric contents during general anesthesia using the laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69:314-5. Rabey PG, Murphy PJ, Langton JA, Barker P, Rowbotham DJ. Effect of the laryngeal mask airway on lower oesophage al sphincter pressure in patients during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1992 Oct;69(4):346-8. doi: 10.1093/bja/69.4.346. PMID: 1419440. Owens TM, Robertson P, Twomey C, Doyle M, McDonald N, McShane AJ. The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux with the laryngeal mask: a comparison with the face mask using esophageal lumen pH electrodes. Anesth Analg. 1995 May;80(5):980-4. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199505000-00022. PMID: 7726443. Bercker S, Schmidbauer W, Volk T, Bogusch G, Bubser HP, Hensel M, Kerner T. A comparison of seal in seven supraglottic airway devices using a cadaver model of elevated esophageal pressure. Anesth Analg. 2008 Feb;106(2):445-8, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181602ae1. PMID: 18227299. Brimacombe JR, Berry A. The incidence of aspiration associated with the laryngeal mask airway: a meta-analysis of published literature. J Clin Anesth. 1995 Jun;7(4):297-305. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(95)00026-e. PMID: 7546756. Xu R, Lian Y, Li WX. Airway Complications during and after General Anesthesia: A Comparison, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Using Flexible Laryngeal Mask Airways and Endotracheal Tubes. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 14;11(7):e0158137. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158137. PMID: 27414807; PMCID: PMC4944923.

In this special two-part series, we record a live episode at the International Anesthesia Research Society meeting. Dr. Dan Saddawi-Konefka and I revisit a question from our very first Depth of Anesthesia episode: is it necessary to confirm mask ventilation before paralyzing? Supporting graphics are available at depthofanesthesia.com and on our Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia. Special thanks to Dr. Seun Johnson-Akeju, Dr. Keith Baker, and Dr. Dan Leisman for their guidance and support.  Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and consider helping us offset the costs of production by donating through our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. __ References available at https://depthofanesthesia.com/exploring-clinical-dogma-with-the-depth-of-anesthesia-podcast-team-iars-2022/

In this special two-part series, we record a live episode at the International Anesthesia Research Society meeting. Dr. Dan Saddawi-Konefka and I revisit a question from our very first Depth of Anesthesia episode: is it necessary to confirm mask ventilation before paralyzing? Supporting graphics are available at depthofanesthesia.com and on our Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia. Special thanks to Dr. Seun Johnson-Akeju, Dr. Keith Baker, and Dr. Dan Leisman for their guidance and support.  Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and consider helping us offset the costs of production by donating through our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. __ References available at https://depthofanesthesia.com/exploring-clinical-dogma-with-the-depth-of-anesthesia-podcast-team-iars-2022/

Dr. Ben Weaver and Dr. Elisa Walsh (@elisacwalsh) from Massachusetts General Hospital join the show to discuss the literature around the infectious risk of arterial catheters and the role of barrier precautions. This is the first episode produced from a new podcast elective that’s available to MGH anesthesia residents. Special thanks to Dr. Saddawi-Konefka for supporting the initiative. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and consider helping us offset the costs of production by donating through our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Cohen DM, Carino GP, Heffernan DS, et al. Arterial catheter use in the ICU: A national survey of antiseptic technique and perceived infectious risk. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(11):2346-2353. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001250 Koh DBC, Gowardman JR, Rickard CM. Prospective study of peripheral arterial catheter infection and comparison with concurrently sited central venous catheters (Critical Care Medicine (2008) 36, (397-402)). Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):1394. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31816e6d16 Lucet JC, Bouadma L, Zahar JR, et al. Infectious risk associated with arterial catheters compared with central venous catheters. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(4):1030-1035. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d4502e O’Horo JC, Maki DG, Krupp AE, Safdar N. Arterial catheters as a source of bloodstream infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(6):1334-1339. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000166 Raad II, Hohn DC, Gilbreath BJ, et al. Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-Related Infections by Using Maximal Sterile Barrier Precautions during Insertion Srr PREVENTION OF CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER-RELATED INFECTIONS BY USING MAXIMAL STERILE BARRIER. 1994;15(4). Rijnders BJA, Van Wijngaerden E, Wilmer A, Peetermans WE. Use of full sterile barrier precautions during insertion of arterial catheters: A randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(6):743-748. doi:10.1086/367936 Rijnders BJA, Wijngaerden E Van, Peetermans WE. Catheter-Tip Colonization as a Surrogate End Point in Clinical Studies on Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection : How Strong Is the Evidence ? 2002;35:1053-1058.

Dr. Bryan Glezerson (@BryanGlezerson), a neuroanesthesiologist in Montreal, Canada, joins the show to discuss the literature around BIS monitoring and awareness with recall under general anesthesia. Special thanks to Dr. Ashwini Joshi for her assistance with researching for the episode.  Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and consider helping us offset the costs of production by donating through our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative Awareness. Practice advisory for intraoperative awareness and brain function monitoring: a report by the american society of anesthesiologists task force on intraoperative awareness. Anesthesiology. 2006 Apr;104(4):847-64. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200604000-00031. PMID: 16571982. Avidan MS, Jacobsohn E, Glick D, Burnside BA, Zhang L, Villafranca A, Karl L, Kamal S, Torres B, O'Connor M, Evers AS, Gradwohl S, Lin N, Palanca BJ, Mashour GA; BAG-RECALL Research Group. Prevention of intraoperative awareness in a high-risk surgical population. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 18;365(7):591-600. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1100403. PMID: 21848460. Avidan MS, Mashour GA. Prevention of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: making sense of the evidence. Anesthesiology. 2013 Feb;118(2):449-56. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31827ddd2c. PMID: 23263014. Avidan MS, Zhang L, Burnside BA, Finkel KJ, Searleman AC, Selvidge JA, Saager L, Turner MS, Rao S, Bottros M, Hantler C, Jacobsohn E, Evers AS. Anesthesia awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 13;358(11):1097-108. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707361. PMID: 18337600. HUTCHINSON R. Awareness during surgery. A study of its incidence. Br J Anaesth. 1961 Sep;33:463-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/33.9.463. PMID: 14450247. Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Fawcett LJ, Punjasawadwong Y. Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9(9):CD003843. Published 2019 Sep 26. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003843.pub4 Mashour GA, Shanks A, Tremper KK, et al. Prevention of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall in an unselected surgical population: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial. Anesthesiology. 2012;117(4):717-725. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31826904a6 Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B-Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 May 29;363(9423):1757-63. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16300-9. PMID: 15172773. Pandit JJ, Andrade J, Bogod DG, Hitchman JM, Jonker WR, Lucas N, Mackay JH, Nimmo AF, O'Connor K, O'Sullivan EP, Paul RG, Palmer JH, Plaat F, Radcliffe JJ, Sury MR, Torevell HE, Wang M, Cook TM; Royal College of Anaesthetists; Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: protocol, methods, and analysis of data. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Oct;113(4):540-8. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu312. Epub 2014 Sep 9. PMID: 25204695. Zhang C, Xu L, Ma YQ, Sun YX, Li YH, Zhang L, Feng CS, Luo B, Zhao ZL, Guo JR, Jin YJ, Wu G, Yuan W, Yuan ZG, Yue Y. Bispectral index monitoring prevent awareness during total intravenous anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, multi-center controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011 Nov;124(22):3664-9. PMID: 22340221.

Dr. Tony Anderson, an anesthesiologist at the Stanford University School of Medicine, joins us to discuss the evolving literature and evidence around perioperative management of buprenorphine. Special thanks to Dr. Ashwini Joshi for her assistance with researching for the episode.  Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and consider helping us offset the costs of production by donating through our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Anderson TA, Quaye ANA, Ward EN, Wilens TE, Hilliard PE, Brummett CM. To Stop or Not, That Is the Question: Acute Pain Management for the Patient on Chronic Buprenorphine. Anesthesiology. 2017 Jun;126(6):1180-1186. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001633. PMID: 28511196; PMCID: PMC7041233. Goel A, Azargive S, Lamba W, Bordman J, Englesakis M, Srikandarajah S, Ladha K, Di Renna T, Shanthanna H, Duggan S, Peng P, Hanlon J, Clarke H. The perioperative patient on buprenorphine: a systematic review of perioperative management strategies and patient outcomes. Can J Anaesth. 2019 Feb;66(2):201-217. English. doi: 10.1007/s12630-018-1255-3. Epub 2018 Nov 27. PMID: 30484167. Goel A, Azargive S, Weissman JS, Shanthanna H, Hanlon JG, Samman B, Dominicis M, Ladha KS, Lamba W, Duggan S, Di Renna T, Peng P, Wong C, Sinha A, Eipe N, Martell D, Intrater H, MacDougall P, Kwofie K, St-Jean M, Rashiq S, Van Camp K, Flamer D, Satok-Wolman M, Clarke H. Perioperative Pain and Addiction Interdisciplinary Network (PAIN) clinical practice advisory for perioperative management of buprenorphine: results of a modified Delphi process. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Aug;123(2):e333-e342. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.044. Epub 2019 May 29. PMID: 31153631; PMCID: PMC6676043. Hansen LE, Stone GE, Matson CA, Tybor DJ, Pevear ME, Smith EL. Total joint arthroplasty in patients taking methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone preoperatively for prior heroin addiction: a prospective matched cohort study. J Arthroplasty 2016; 31: 1698-701. (29) Höflich AS, Langer M, Jagsch R, Bäwert A, Winklbaur B, Fischer G, Unger A. Peripartum pain management in opioid dependent women. Eur J Pain. 2012 Apr;16(4):574-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.08.008. PMID: 22396085; PMCID: PMC3290684. Li A, Schmiesing C, Aggarwal AK.Evidence for Continuing Buprenorphine in the Perioperative Period. Clin J Pain. 2020 Oct; 36(10): 764-774.doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000858. PMID: 32520814 Macintyre PE, Russel RA, Usher KA, Gaughwin M, Huxtable CA. Pain relief and opioid requirements in the first 24 hours after surgery in patients taking buprenorphine and methadone opioid substitution therapy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2013; 41: 222-30 (27) Meyer M, Paranya G, Keefer Norris A, Howard D. Intrapartum and postpartum analgesia for women maintained on buprenorphine during pregnancy. Eur J Pain. 2010 Oct;14(9):939-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.03.002. Epub 2010 May 4. PMID: 20444630. Quaye A, Potter K, Roth S, Acampora G, Mao J, Zhang Y. Perioperative Continuation of Buprenorphine at Low-Moderate Doses Was Associated with Lower Postoperative Pain Scores and Decreased Outpatient Opioid Dispensing Compared with Buprenorphine Discontinuation. Pain Med. 2020 Sep 1;21(9):1955-1960. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaa020. PMID: 32167541.

In this episode, Dr. Jonathan Charnin and Dr. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka join us to explore the evidence around perioperative stress dose steroids and adrenal insufficiency. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, leave a 5-star review on Apple Podcasts and consider helping us offset the costs of production by donating through our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. -- Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast and literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com with episode ideas or if you'd like to join our team. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. -- References Axelrod L. Perioperative management of patients treated with glucocorticoids. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;32(2):367-83. doi: 10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00008-2. PMID: 12800537. Bromberg JS, Baliga P, Cofer JB, et al. Stress steroids are not required for patients receiving a renal allograft and undergoing operation. J Am Coll Surg 1995;180:532–536. Christy NP. Corticosteroid withdrawal. In: Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd Ed, Bardin CW (Ed), BC Decker, New York 1988. P.113. Glowniak JV, Loriaux DL. A double-blind study of perioperative steroid requirements in secondary adrenal insufficiency. Surgery. 1997 Feb;121(2):123-9. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90280-4. PMID: 9037222. Kehlet H, Binder C. Adrenocortical function and clinical course during and after surgery in unsupplemented glucocorticoid-treated patients. Br J Anaesth. 1973 Oct;45(10):1043-8. doi: 10.1093/bja/45.10.1043. PMID: 4772640. LEWIS L, ROBINSON RF, YEE J, HACKER LA, EISEN G. Fatal adrenal cortical insufficiency precipitated by surgery during prolonged continuous cortisone treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1953 Jul;39(1):116-26. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-39-1-116. PMID: 13065993. Melanie M. Liu, Andrea B. Reidy, Siavosh Saatee, Charles D. Collard; Perioperative Steroid Management: Approaches Based on Current Evidence. Anesthesiology 2017; 127:166–172 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000001659 Prete A, Yan Q, Al-Tarrah K, Akturk HK, Prokop LJ, Alahdab F, Foster MA, Lord JM, Karavitaki N, Wass JA, Murad MH, Arlt W, Bancos I. The cortisol stress response induced by surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018 Nov;89(5):554-567. doi: 10.1111/cen.13820. Epub 2018 Aug 23. PMID: 30047158. Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H. Adrenal Crisis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):852-861. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1807486. PMID: 31461595. Salem M, Tainsh RE Jr, Bromberg J, Loriaux DL, Chernow B. Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage. A reassessment 42 years after emergence of a problem. Ann Surg. 1994;219(4):416-425. doi:10.1097/00000658-199404000-00013 Thomason JM, Girdler NM, Kendall-Taylor P, Wastell H, Weddel A, Seymour RA. An investigation into the need for supplementary steroids in organ transplant patients undergoing gingival surgery. A double-blind, split-mouth, cross-over study. J Clin Periodontol. 1999 Sep;26(9):577-82. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.1999.260903.x. PMID: 10487307. Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, Fletcher S, Wass JAH, Tomlinson JW, Misra U, Dattani M, Arlt W, Vercueil A. Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency: Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK. Anaesthesia. 2020 May;75(5):654-663. doi: 10.1111/anae.14963. Epub 2020 Feb 3. Erratum in: Anaesthesia. 2020 Sep;75(9):1252. PMID: 32017012. Zaghiyan K, Melmed G, Murrell Z, Fleshner P. Are high-dose perioperative steroids necessary in patients undergoing colorectal surgery treated with steroid therapy within the past 12 months? Am Surg. 2011 Oct;77(10):1295-9. PMID: 22127073.

In this episode, Dr. Ross Kennedy and Dr. Cas Woinarski join us to discuss the evidence on whether low-flow anesthesia with sevoflurane is safe. We discuss Compound A generation and nephrotoxicity. This episode was made possible through production and research support from Davies Agyekum, MD, PhD.  Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, consider helping us offset the costs of production by donating through our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia for podcast updates and new literature updates. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Ebert TJ, Frink EJ Jr, Kharasch ED. Absence of biochemical evidence for renal and hepatic dysfunction after 8 hours of 1.25 minimum alveolar concentration sevoflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1998 Mar;88(3):601-10. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199803000-00008. PMID: 9523801. Ebert TJ, Messana LD, Uhrich TD, Staacke TS. Absence of renal and hepatic toxicity after four hours of 1.25 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1998 Mar;86(3):662-7. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199803000-00042. PMID: 9495434. Eger EI 2nd. Compound A: does it matter? Can J Anaesth. 2001 May;48(5):427-30. doi: 10.1007/BF03028302. PMID: 11394507. Eger EI 2nd, Gong D, Koblin DD, Bowland T, Ionescu P, Laster MJ, Weiskopf RB. Dose-related biochemical markers of renal injury after sevoflurane versus desflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1997 Nov;85(5):1154-63. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199711000-00036. PMID: 9356118. Eger EI 2nd, Koblin DD, Bowland T, Ionescu P, Laster MJ, Fang Z, Gong D, Sonner J, Weiskopf RB. Nephrotoxicity of sevoflurane versus desflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1997 Jan;84(1):160-8. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199701000-00029. PMID: 8989018. Feldman JM, Hendrickx J, Kennedy RR. Carbon Dioxide Absorption During Inhalation Anesthesia: A Modern Practice. Anesth Analg. 2021 Apr 1;132(4):993-1002. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005137. PMID: 32947290. Fukuda H, Kawamoto M, Yuge O, Fujii K. A comparison of the effects of prolonged (>10 hour) low-flow sevoflurane, high-flow sevoflurane, and low-flow isoflurane anaesthesia on hepatorenal function in orthopaedic patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2004 Apr;32(2):210-8. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0403200208. PMID: 15957718. Keijzer C, Perez RS, de Lange JJ. Compound A and carbon monoxide production from sevoflurane and seven different types of carbon dioxide absorbent in a patient model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007 Jan;51(1):31-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01187.x. Epub 2006 Nov 10. PMID: 17096668. Kennedy RR, Hendrickx JF, Feldman JM. There are no dragons: Low-flow anaesthesia with sevoflurane is safe. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2019 May;47(3):223-225. doi: 10.1177/0310057X19843304. Epub 2019 May 24. PMID: 31124374. Kharasch ED, Frink EJ Jr, Artru A, Michalowski P, Rooke GA, Nogami W. Long-duration low-flow sevoflurane and isoflurane effects on postoperative renal and hepatic function. Anesth Analg. 2001 Dec;93(6):1511-20, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200112000-00036. PMID: 11726433. Mazze RI, Jamison RL. Low-flow (1 l/min) sevoflurane: is it safe? Anesthesiology. 1997 Jun;86(6):1225-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199706000-00001. PMID: 9197289. McGain F, Bishop JR, Elliot-Jones LM, Story DA, Imberger GL. A survey of the choice of general anaesthetic agents in Australia and New Zealand. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2019 May;47(3):235-241. doi: 10.1177/0310057X19836104. Epub 2019 May 15. PMID: 31088129.

In this episode, Dr. Adam Flaczyk from Massachusetts General Hospital joins us to summarize the data on the latest COVID-19 vaccines and to answer frequently asked questions. Frequently asked questions start at 30:03 including: What is the data on side effects? What is the potential for anaphylaxis? Any data on use of antipyretics or NSAIDS with vaccination? — Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, consider donating to our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this special episode, Dr. Justin Morgenstern of First10EM joins us to discuss a 6-step approach to primary literature. His strategy will give you the tools to feel more comfortable with taking an active role in reading and critically evaluating the literature. Step 1: How do I find a paper to read? Step 2: Is this paper worth reading? Step 3: Read the paper Step 4: Interpret the paper (stats are less important than you think) Step 5: Ask for help Step 6: Apply the research — Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, consider donating to our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Justin Morgenstern, "Evidence Based Medicine is Easy", First10EM blog, January 8, 2018. Available at: https://first10em.com/ebmiseasy/. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this episode, we explore the evidence on whether smaller endotracheal tubes are... 1. Less likely to maintain a secure patent airway 2. Less reliable in facilitating positive pressure ventilation 3. Less able to seal the trachea and protect the lungs from aspiration We also discuss the potential harms associated with larger endotracheal tubes.  Our guests are Dr. Shamir Karmali and Dr. Peter Rose from the Department of Anesthesiology at Vancouver General Hospital. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, consider donating to our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Coordes A, Rademacher G, Knopke S, Todt I, Ernst A, Estel B, Seidl RO. Selection and placement of oral ventilation tubes based on tracheal morphometry. Laryngoscope. 2011 Jun;121(6):1225-30. doi: 10.1002/lary.21752. Epub 2011 May 6. PMID: 21557233. Dominelli PB, Ripoll JG, Cross TJ, Baker SE, Wiggins CC, Welch BT, Joyner MJ. Sex differences in large conducting airway anatomy. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018 Sep 1;125(3):960-965. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2018. Epub 2018 Jul 19. PMID: 30024341; PMCID: PMC6335094. El-Boghdadly K, Bailey CR, Wiles MD. Postoperative sore throat: a systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2016 Jun;71(6):706-17. doi: 10.1111/anae.13438. Epub 2016 Mar 28. PMID: 27158989. Ellis SF, Pollak AC, Hanson DG, Jiang JJ. Videolaryngoscopic evaluation of laryngeal intubation injury: incidence and predictive factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 Jun;114(6):729-31. doi: 10.1016/s0194-5998(96)70093-1. PMID: 8643294. Fiastro JF, Habib MP, Quan SF. Pressure support compensation for inspiratory work due to endotracheal tubes and demand continuous positive airway pressure. Chest. 1988 Mar;93(3):499-505. doi: 10.1378/chest.93.3.499. PMID: 3277803. Futagawa K, Takasugi Y, Kobayashi T, Morishita S, Okuda T. Role of tube size and intranasal compression of the nasotracheal tube in respiratory pressure loss during nasotracheal intubation: a laboratory study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2017 Oct 17;17(1):141. doi: 10.1186/s12871-017-0432-1. PMID: 29041911; PMCID: PMC5645985. Hu B, Bao R, Wang X, Liu S, Tao T, Xie Q, Yu X, Li J, Bo L, Deng X. The size of endotracheal tube and sore throat after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 4;8(10):e74467. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074467. PMID: 24124452; PMCID: PMC3790787. Hwang JY, Park SH, Han SH, Park SJ, Park SK, Kim JH. The effect of tracheal tube size on air leak around the cuffs. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2011 Jul;61(1):24-9. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2011.61.1.24. Epub 2011 Jul 21. PMID: 21860747; PMCID: PMC3155132. Karmali S, Rose P. Tracheal tube size in adults undergoing elective surgery - a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2020 Nov;75(11):1529-1539. doi: 10.1111/anae.15041. Epub 2020 May 16. PMID: 32415788. Koh KF, Hare JD, Calder I. Small tubes revisited. Anaesthesia. 1998 Jan;53(1):46-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1998.00290.x. PMID: 9505742. Pavlin EG, VanNimwegan D, Hornbein TF. Failure of a high-compliance low-pressure cuff to prevent aspiration. Anesthesiology. 1975 Feb;42(2):216-9. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197502000-00019. PMID: 1115375. Randestad A, Lindholm CE, Fabian P. Dimensions of the cricoid cartilage and the trachea. Laryngoscope. 2000 Nov;110(11):1957-61. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200011000-00036. PMID: 11081618. Shah C, Kollef MH. Endotracheal tube intraluminal volume loss among mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan;32(1):120-5. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000104205.96219.D6. PMID: 14707569. Stenqvist O, Sonander H, Nilsson K. Small endotracheal tubes: ventilator and intratracheal pressures during controlled ventilation. Br J Anaesth. 1979 Apr;51(4):375-81. doi: 10.1093/bja/51.4.375. PMID: 465261. Tanaka A, Isono S, Ishikawa T, Sato J, Nishino T. Laryngeal resistance before and after minor surgery: endotracheal tube versus Laryngeal Mask Airway. Anesthesiology. 2003 Aug;99(2):252-8. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200308000-00005. PMID: 12883396. Tonnesen AS, Vereen L, Arens JF. Endotracheal tube cuff residual volume and lateral wall pressure in a model trachea. Anesthesiology. 1981 Dec;55(6):680-3. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198155060-00013. PMID: 7305056. Walker EMK, Bell M, Cook TM, Grocott MPW, Moonesinghe SR; Central SNAP-1 Organisation; National Study Groups. Patient reported outcome of adult perioperative anaesthesia in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional observational study. Br J Anaesth. 2016 Jun 12;117(6):758-766. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew381. Erratum in: Br J Anaesth. 2017 Sep 1;119(3):552. PMID: 27956674. Wilson AM, Gray DM, Thomas JG. Increases in endotracheal tube resistance are unpredictable relative to duration of intubation. Chest. 2009 Oct;136(4):1006-1013. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-1938. Epub 2009 May 1. PMID: 19411293. Young PJ, Rollinson M, Downward G, Henderson S. Leakage of fluid past the tracheal tube cuff in a benchtop model. Br J Anaesth. 1997 May;78(5):557-62. doi: 10.1093/bja/78.5.557. PMID: 9175972. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this episode, we explore the evidence on whether lower intraoperative tidal volumes (e.g., 6 vs. 9 cc/kg) reduce postoperative pulmonary complications. Our guest is Dr. Avery Tung. Dr. Tung is Professor of Anesthesia & Critical Care at the University of Chicago and Section Editor for Critical Care & Resuscitation for Anesthesia & Analgesia. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, consider donating to our Patreon at https://bit.ly/3n0sklh. — Follow us on Instagram @DepthofAnesthesia and on Twitter @DepthAnesthesia. Email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. — References Karalapillai D, Weinberg L, Peyton P, et al. Effect of Intraoperative Low Tidal Volume vs Conventional Tidal Volume on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patients Undergoing Major Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(9):848–858. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12866 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network, Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, Wheeler A. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1301-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200005043421801. PMID: 10793162. Brower RG, Shanholtz CB, Fessler HE, Shade DM, White P Jr, Wiener CM, Teeter JG, Dodd-o JM, Almog Y, Piantadosi S. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med. 1999 Aug;27(8):1492-8. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199908000-00015. PMID: 10470755. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, Magaldi RB, Schettino GP, Lorenzi-Filho G, Kairalla RA, Deheinzelin D, Munoz C, Oliveira R, Takagaki TY, Carvalho CR. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 5;338(6):347-54. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199802053380602. PMID: 9449727. Tobin MJ. Culmination of an era in research on the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1360-1. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200005043421808. PMID: 10793169. Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO, Manetta JA, Pereira VG, Espósito DC, Pasqualucci Mde O, Damasceno MC, Schultz MJ. Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012 Oct 24;308(16):1651-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.13730. PMID: 23093163. Futier E, Constantin JM, Paugam-Burtz C, Pascal J, Eurin M, Neuschwander A, Marret E, Beaussier M, Gutton C, Lefrant JY, Allaouchiche B, Verzilli D, Leone M, De Jong A, Bazin JE, Pereira B, Jaber S; IMPROVE Study Group. A trial of intraoperative low-tidal-volume ventilation in abdominal surgery. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 1;369(5):428-37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301082. PMID: 23902482. Serpa Neto A, Hemmes SN, Barbas CS, Beiderlinden M, Biehl M, Binnekade JM, Canet J, Fernandez-Bustamante A, Futier E, Gajic O, Hedenstierna G, Hollmann MW, Jaber S, Kozian A, Licker M, Lin WQ, Maslow AD, Memtsoudis SG, Reis Miranda D, Moine P, Ng T, Paparella D, Putensen C, Ranieri M, Scavonetto F, Schilling T, Schmid W, Selmo G, Severgnini P, Sprung J, Sundar S, Talmor D, Treschan T, Unzueta C, Weingarten TN, Wolthuis EK, Wrigge H, Gama de Abreu M, Pelosi P, Schultz MJ; PROVE Network Investigators. Protective versus Conventional Ventilation for Surgery: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2015 Jul;123(1):66-78. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000706. PMID: 25978326. PROVE Network Investigators for the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology, Hemmes SN, Gama de Abreu M, Pelosi P, Schultz MJ. High versus low positive end-expiratory pressure during general anaesthesia for open abdominal surgery (PROVHILO trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Aug 9;384(9942):495-503. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60416-5. Epub 2014 Jun 2. PMID: 24894577; PMCID: PMC6682759. Marret E, Cinotti R, Berard L, Piriou V, Jobard J, Barrucand B, Radu D, Jaber S, Bonnet F; and the PPV study group: Protective ventilation during anaesthesia reduces major postoperative complications after lung cancer surgery: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 35:727–35 Neto AS, Hemmes SN, Barbas CS, Beiderlinden M, Fernandez-Bustamante A, Futier E, Gajic O, El-Tahan MR, Ghamdi AA, Günay E, Jaber S, Kokulu S, Kozian A, Licker M, Lin WQ, Maslow AD, Memtsoudis SG, Reis Miranda D, Moine P, Ng T, Paparella D, Ranieri VM, Scavonetto F, Schilling T, Selmo G, Severgnini P, Sprung J, Sundar S, Talmor D, Treschan T, Unzueta C, Weingarten TN, Wolthuis EK, Wrigge H, Amato MB, Costa EL, de Abreu MG, Pelosi P, Schultz MJ; PROVE Network Investigators. Association between driving pressure and development of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for general anaesthesia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Respir Med. 2016 Apr;4(4):272-80. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00057-6. Epub 2016 Mar 4. Erratum in: Lancet Respir Med. 2016 Jun;4(6):e34. PMID: 26947624. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this episode, we discuss the role of hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and thiamine (HAT therapy) in the treatment of patients with septic shock. We discuss biological plausibility and comprehensively review the latest evidence. Our guest is Dr. Jonathan Charnin. Dr. Charnin is an assistant professor of anesthesiology in the Divisions of Multi-specialty Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine at the Mayo Clinic Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you enjoy our content, please rate us on iTunes and share our podcast with your colleagues. Music by Stephen Campbell, MD. -- References Fujii T, Luethi N, Young PJ, et al. Effect of Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and Thiamine vs Hydrocortisone Alone on Time Alive and Free of Vasopressor Support Among Patients With Septic Shock: The VITAMINS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(5):423–431. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.22176 Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C, and Thiamine for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Retrospective Before-After Study. Chest. 2017 Jun;151(6):1229-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.036. Epub 2016 Dec 6. PMID: 27940189. Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr. 1986;6:365-406. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.06.070186.002053. PMID: 3015170. Fowler AA 3rd, Truwit JD, Hite RD, Morris PE, DeWilde C, Priday A, Fisher B, Thacker LR 2nd, Natarajan R, Brophy DF, Sculthorpe R, Nanchal R, Syed A, Sturgill J, Martin GS, Sevransky J, Kashiouris M, Hamman S, Egan KF, Hastings A, Spencer W, Tench S, Mehkri O, Bindas J, Duggal A, Graf J, Zellner S, Yanny L, McPolin C, Hollrith T, Kramer D, Ojielo C, Damm T, Cassity E, Wieliczko A, Halquist M. Effect of Vitamin C Infusion on Organ Failure and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Vascular Injury in Patients With Sepsis and Severe Acute Respiratory Failure: The CITRIS-ALI Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019 Oct 1;322(13):1261-1270. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.11825. Erratum in: JAMA. 2020 Jan 28;323(4):379. PMID: 31573637; PMCID: PMC6777268. Donnino MW, Andersen LW, Chase M, Berg KM, Tidswell M, Giberson T, Wolfe R, Moskowitz A, Smithline H, Ngo L, Cocchi MN; Center for Resuscitation Science Research Group. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Thiamine as a Metabolic Resuscitator in Septic Shock: A Pilot Study. Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb;44(2):360-7. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001572. PMID: 26771781; PMCID: PMC4754670. Woolum JA, Abner EL, Kelly A, Thompson Bastin ML, Morris PE, Flannery AH. Effect of Thiamine Administration on Lactate Clearance and Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2018 Nov;46(11):1747-1752. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003311. PMID: 30028362. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this episode, we discuss the mechanisms of burning with propofol infusion and explore the evidence behind strategies like mixing lidocaine with propofol. Our guest today is Dr. Stu Forman, Professor of Anesthesiology at Massachusetts General Hospital. He is an investigator on several NIH-sponsored basic research grants and co-director of the Harvard Anesthesia Research Training Fellowship. Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Bengalorkar GM, Bhuvana K, Sarala N, Kumar T. Fospropofol: clinical pharmacology. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Jan;27(1):79-83. PMID: 21804712; PMCID: PMC3146164. Dajun Song, Mohamed A. Hamza, Paul F. White, Stephanie I. Byerly, Stephanie B. Jones, Amy D. Macaluso; Comparison of a Lower-lipid Propofol Emulsion with the Standard Emulsion for Sedation during Monitored Anesthesia Care. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:1072–1075 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200405000-00007 Euasobhon P, Dej-Arkom S, Siriussawakul A, Muangman S, Sriraj W, Pattanittum P, Lumbiganon P. Lidocaine for reducing propofol-induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 18;2(2):CD007874. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007874.pub2. PMID: 26888026; PMCID: PMC6463799. Fischer MJ, Leffler A, Niedermirtl F, Kistner K, Eberhardt M, Reeh PW, Nau C. The general anesthetic propofol excites nociceptors by activating TRPV1 and TRPA1 rather than GABAA receptors. J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 5;285(45):34781-92. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.143958. Epub 2010 Sep 7. PMID: 20826794; PMCID: PMC2966094. Jalota L, Kalira V, George E, Shi YY, Hornuss C, Radke O, Pace NL, Apfel CC; Perioperative Clinical Research Core. Prevention of pain on injection of propofol: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Mar 15;342:d1110. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1110. PMID: 21406529. Klement W, Arndt JO. Pain on i.v. injection of some anaesthetic agents is evoked by the unphysiological osmolality or pH of their formulations. Br J Anaesth. 1991 Feb;66(2):189-95. doi: 10.1093/bja/66.2.189. PMID: 1817619. Sahinovic MM, Struys MMRF, Absalom AR. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Propofol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018;57(12):1539-1558. doi:10.1007/s40262-018-0672-3 Scott RP, Saunders DA, Norman J. Propofol: clinical strategies for preventing the pain of injection. Anaesthesia. 1988 Jun;43(6):492-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb06641.x. PMID: 3261547. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this part II or II series on neuromuscular blockade, we investigate the claim that a train-of-four target of 90% is important to achieve prior to extubation. Our guest today is Dr. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka, residency program director at Mass General. Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Naguib M, Kopman AF, Lien CA, Hunter JM, Lopez A, Brull SJ. A survey of current management of neuromuscular block in the United States and Europe. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(1):110-119. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c07428 Ali HH, Kitz RJ. Evaluation of recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular block, using a digital neuromuscular transmission analyzer: preliminary report. Anesth Analg. 1973;52(5):740-745. Ali HH, Wilson RS, Savarese JJ, Kitz RJ. The effect of tubocurarine on indirectly elicited train-of-four muscle response and respiratory measurements in humans. Br J Anaesth. 1975;47(5):570-574. doi:10.1093/bja/47.5.570 Sundman E, Witt H, Olsson R, Ekberg O, Kuylenstierna R, Eriksson LI. The incidence and mechanisms of pharyngeal and upper esophageal dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans: pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry after atracurium. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(4):977-984. doi:10.1097/00000542-200004000-00014 Eikermann M, Groeben H, Hüsing J, Peters J. Accelerometry of adductor pollicis muscle predicts recovery of respiratory function from neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology. 2003;98(6):1333-1337. doi:10.1097/00000542-200306000-00006 Gopalaiah Venkatesh Kumar, Anita Pramod Nair, Hanuman Srinivasa Murthy, Koppa Ramegowda Jalaja, Karnate Ramachandra, Gundappa Parameshwara; Residual Neuromuscular Blockade Affects Postoperative Pulmonary Function. Anesthesiology 2012; 117:1234–1244 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182715b80 Eriksson LI, Lennmarken C, Wyon N, Johnson A. Attenuated ventilatory response to hypoxaemia at vecuronium-induced partial neuromuscular block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1992;36(7):710-715. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03550.x Suzanne J. L. Broens, Martijn Boon, Chris H. Martini, Marieke Niesters, Monique van Velzen, Leon P. H. J. Aarts, Albert Dahan; Reversal of Partial Neuromuscular Block and the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Volunteers. Anesthesiology 2019; 131:467–476 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000002711 Kopman AF, Yee PS, Neuman GG. Relationship of the train-of-four fade ratio to clinical signs and symptoms of residual paralysis in awake volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1997;86(4):765-771. doi:10.1097/00000542-199704000-00005 Glenn S. Murphy, Joseph W. Szokol, Jesse H. Marymont, Steven B. Greenberg, Michael J. Avram, Jeffery S. Vender, Margarita Nisman; Intraoperative Acceleromyographic Monitoring Reduces the Risk of Residual Meeting Abstracts and Adverse Respiratory Events in the Postanesthesia Care Unit. Anesthesiology 2008; 109:389–398 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e318182af3b Butterly A, Bittner EA, George E, et al. Postoperative residual curarization from intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking agents delays recovery room discharge. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2010 Sep;105(3):304-309. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq157. Section Editor(s): Brull, Sorin J.Murphy, Glenn S. MD; Szokol, Joseph W. MD; Marymont, Jesse H. MD; Greenberg, Steven B. MD; Avram, Michael J. PhD; Vender, Jeffery S. MD Residual Neuromuscular Blockade and Critical Respiratory Events in the Postanesthesia Care Unit, Anesthesia & Analgesia: July 2008 - Volume 107 - Issue 1 - p 130-137 doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31816d1268 Kirmeier E, Eriksson LI, Lewald H, et al. Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2018 Nov 6;:]. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(2):129-140. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30294-7 __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that emergence from sevoflurane is substantially faster than from isoflurane. We explore rationales and discuss cost.  Our guest today is Dr. Keith Baker, Vice Chair of Education at Massachusetts General Hospital.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  __ References Seitsonen ER, Yli-Hankala AM, Korttila KT. Similar recovery from bispectral index-titrated isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia after outpatient gynecological surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18(4):272-279. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2005.12.005 Gupta A, Stierer T, Zuckerman R, Sakima N, Parker SD, Fleisher LA. Comparison of recovery profile after ambulatory anesthesia with propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2004;98(3):. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000103187.70627.57 Gauthier A, Girard F, Boudreault D, Ruel M, Todorov A. Sevoflurane provides faster recovery and postoperative neurological assessment than isoflurane in long-duration neurosurgical cases. Anesth Analg. 2002;95(5):. doi:10.1097/00000539-200211000-00052 Ries CR, Azmudéh A, Franciosi LG, Schwarz SK, MacLeod BA. Cost comparison of sevoflurane with isoflurane anesthesia in arthroscopic menisectomy surgery. Can J Anaesth. 1999;46(11):1008-1013. doi:10.1007/BF03013193 Maheshwari K, Ahuja S, Mascha EJ, et al. Effect of Sevoflurane Versus Isoflurane on Emergence Time and Postanesthesia Care Unit Length of Stay: An Alternating Intervention Trial. Anesth Analg. 2020;130(2):360-366. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004093 Yasuda N, Targ AG, Eger EI 2nd. Solubility of I-653, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in human tissues. Anesth Analg. 1989;69(3):370-373. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this episode, we investigate the following claims related to DPE: 1. Dural puncture epidural (DPE) technique improves analgesic quality versus traditional epidural 2. DPE technique has faster onset of analgesia versus traditional epidural 3. DPE has less adverse effects compared with combined spinal-epidural (CSE) Our guest today is Dr. Ronald George (@Ron_George), Professor and Chief of Obstetric Anesthesia at UCSF. Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Heesen M, Rijs K, Rossaint R, Klimek M. Dural puncture epidural versus conventional epidural block for labor analgesia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;40:24-31. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2019.05.007 Thomas JA, Pan PH, Harris LC, Owen MD, D'Angelo R. Dural puncture with a 27-gauge Whitacre needle as part of a combined spinal-epidural technique does not improve labor epidural catheter function. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(5):1046-1051. doi:10.1097/00000542-200511000-00019 Wilson SH, Wolf BJ, Bingham K, et al. Labor Analgesia Onset With Dural Puncture Epidural Versus Traditional Epidural Using a 26-Gauge Whitacre Needle and 0.125% Bupivacaine Bolus: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(2):545-551. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002129 Cappiello E, O'Rourke N, Segal S, Tsen LC. A randomized trial of dural puncture epidural technique compared with the standard epidural technique for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(5):1646-1651. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318184ec14 Chau A, Bibbo C, Huang CC, et al. Dural Puncture Epidural Technique Improves Labor Analgesia Quality With Fewer Side Effects Compared With Epidural and Combined Spinal Epidural Techniques: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(2):560-569. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001798 __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

In this episode, we explore the evidence for various strategies to manage post-extubation stridor and the applications to COVID-19 patients. Our guest today is Dr. Tiara Calhoun (@tiaraforsyth), an internal medicine resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital.  She is an active contributor to FLARE (Fast Literature Assessment and Review), a newsletter that appraises the rapidly evolving literature on SARS-CoV-2.  Check FLARE out here: https://www.massgeneral.org/news/coronavirus/treatment-guidance/fast-literature-updates An additional question for our listeners to dive into is the optimal timing of steroid administration. Let us know what you find!  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  __ Full references on Episode Webpage.  https://us19.campaign-archive.com/?u=ef98149bee3f299584374540a&id=fe09c50f3a __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

Our guest today is Dr. Charles Hardin of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital.  He is an active contributor to FLARE (Fast Literature Assessment and Review), a collaborative effort within the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division and the Department of Medicine. The mission of FLARE is to appraise rapidly evolving literature on SARS-CoV-2.  Check FLARE out here: https://www.massgeneral.org/news/coronavirus/treatment-guidance/fast-literature-updates Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- Full references on Episode Webpage.  https://us19.campaign-archive.com/?u=ef98149bee3f299584374540a&id=48d2c0484f __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

Our guest today is Dr. Justin Morgenstern (@First10EM). His website (First10EM) provides critical appraisals of important emergency medicine and critical care topics. Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or email us at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  __ References Justin Morgenstern, "Aerosol generating procedures", First10EM blog, April 6, 2020. Available at: https://first10em.com/aerosol-generating-procedures/. https://first10em.com/aerosols-droplets-and-airborne-spread/ __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.  

For our first episode of 2020, we investigate claims related to the application of cricoid pressure. Claim 1. Cricoid pressure reduces the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Claim 2. Landmark technique is able to accurately identify the cricoid cartilage. Claim 3. Cricoid pressure should be routinely applied in all rapid-sequence intubations. Our guest today is Dr. Jerome Crowley, an adult cardiothoracic anesthesiologist and intensivist at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anaesthesia. Sellick BA. Lancet. 1961;2:404–406. Smith KJ, Dobranowski J, Yip G, Dauphin A, Choi PT. Cricoid pressure displaces the esophagus: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:60–64. Rice MJ, Mancuso AA, Gibbs C, Morey TE, Gravenstein N, Deitte LA. Cricoid pressure results in compression of the postcricoid hypopharynx: the esophageal position is irrelevant. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:1546–1552 Lee D, Czech AJ, Elriedy M, Nair A, El-Boghdadly K, Ahmad I. A multicentre prospective cohort study of the accuracy of conventional landmark technique for cricoid localisation using ultrasound scanning. Anaesthesia. 2018;73:1229–1234. Smith CE, Boyer D. Cricoid pressure decreases ease of tracheal intubation using fiberoptic laryngoscopy (WuScope system. Can J Anesth. 2002;49:614–619. The Effectiveness of Cricoid Pressure for Occluding the Esophageal Entrance in Anesthetized and Paralyzed Patients: An Experimental and Observational Glidescope Study. Anesth Analg. 2014 Mar;118(3):580-6. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000068. Effect of cricoid pressure compared with a sham procedure in the rapid sequence induction of anesthesia: the IRIS randomized clinical trial. Birenbaum A, Hajage D, Roche S, et al; IRIS Investigators Group. JAMA Surg. 2019;154:9–17. Flucker CJ, Hart E, Weisz M, Griffiths R, Ruth M. The 50-millilitre syringe as an inexpensive training aid in the application of cricoid pressure. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000; 17: 443–447. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that a subjective assessment is an accurate way to measure functional capacity. We also explore whether self-reported ability to climb two flights of stairs is the best subjective method to assess functional capacity and whether exercise tolerance greater than or equal to 4 metabolic equivalents predicts the risk of perioperative complications in any major non-cardiac surgery. Our guests today are Dr. Elisa Walsh and Dr. Laurie Shapiro of the Massachusetts General Hospital.  Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  __ References Wijeysundera et al. Assessment of functional capacity before major non-cardiac surgery: an international, prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2018; 391: p2631-2640. Fleisher et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 130: e278-e333. Hlatky et al. A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol. 1989 Sep 15;64(10):651-4. Wang et al. Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(7):655. Kistrop et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin levels as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events in older adults. JAMA. 2005;293(13):1609. Struthers et al. The potential to improve primary prevention in the future by using BNP/N-BNP as an indicator of silent ‘pancardiac’ target organ damage. European Heart Journal, Volume 28, Issue 14, July 2007, Pages 1678–1682 Carliner et al. Routine preoperative exercise testing patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 1985;56;51-58. Sgura et al. Supine exercise capacity identifies patients at low risk for perioperative cardiovascular events and predicts long-term survival. Am J Medicin 2000; 108. Kistorp et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin levels as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events in older adults. JAMA. 2005;293(13):1609. Reilly et al. Self-reported exercise tolerance and the risk of serious perioperative complications. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Oct 11;159(18):2185-92. Melon et al. Validated questionnaire vs physicians' judgment to estimate preoperative exercise capacity. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Sep;174(9):1507-8. Weinstein et al. Comparison of Preoperative Assessment of Patient's Metabolic Equivalents (METs) Estimated from History versus Measured by Exercise Cardiac Stress Testing. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2018; 2018: 5912726. Ryding et al. Prognostic Value of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Noncardiac Surgery: A Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 8 2009, Vol.111, 311-319. Wright et al. Examining Risk: A Systematic Review of Perioperative Cardiac Risk Prediction Indices. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019. Wiklund RA, Stein HD, Rosenbaum SH. Activities of daily living and cardiovascular complications following elective, noncardiac surgery. Yale J Biol Med 2001; 74: 75–87 Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett Jr DR, Tudor-Locke C, Greer JL, Vezina J, Whitt-   Glover MC, Leon AS. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2011;43(8):1575-1581. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that norepinephrine is not safe for peripheral administration. Our guests today are Dr. Katarina Ruscic and Dr. Jamie Sparling of the Critical Care Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital.  Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Cardenas‐Garcia J, Schaub KF, Belchikov YG, Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH, Peripheral Administration of VM. J. Hosp. Med 2015;9;581-585. doi:10.1002/jhm.2394 Hasanin AM, Amin SA, Agiza NA, Elsayed MK, Refaa S, Hussein HA, Rouk TI, Alrahmany M. Elsayad M. Norepinephrine Infusion for Preventing Postspinal Anesthesia Hypotension during Cesarean Delivery Anesthesiology 2019; 130:55–62. Medlej K, Kazzi AA, El Hajj Chehade A. Complications from Administration of Vasopressors Through Peripheral Venous Catheters: An Observational Study. The Journal of emergency medicine. 2018; 54(1):47-53. Ngan Kee, WD A random-allocation graded dose-response study of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for treating hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2017; 127:934-41 Ngan Kee WD, Lee SWY, Ng FF, Khaw KS. Prophylactic norepinephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2018;126:1989–1994. Permpikul C, Tongyoo S, Viarasilpa T, Trainarongsakul T, Chakorn T, Udompanturak S. Early Use of Norepinephrine in Septic Shock Resuscitation (CENSER) : A Randomized Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Parienti JJ, Mongardon N, Mégarbane B. Intravascular Complications of Central Venous Catheterization by Insertion Site. The New England journal of medicine. 2015; 373(13):1220-9. Ricard J, Salomon L, Boyer A, et al. Central or peripheral catheters for initial venous access of ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2013;41(9):2108-2115. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that administering ketorolac (Toradol) increases bleeding and should be avoided in surgeries for which there is concern for bleeding.  Claim 1. Administration of intraoperative ketorolac increases the bleeding time due to platelet inhibition Claim 2. Increased bleeding time translates to higher rate of surgical bleeding Claim 3. The magnitude of bleeding propensity attributable to ketorolac is clinically relevant Our guest today is Dr. Jamie Sparling of the Critical Care Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital.  Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Bailey R, Sinha C, Burgess LP. Ketorolac tromethamine and hemorrhage in tonsillectomy: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Laryngoscope 1997;107:166–169. Cassinelli EH, Dean CL, Garcia RM, Furey CG, Bohlman HH. Ketorolac use for postoperative pain management fol- lowing lumbar decompression surgery: A prospective, ran- domized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:1313–1317. Gobble RM, Hoang HL, Kachniarz B, Orgill DP. Ketorolac does not increase perioperative bleeding: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2014; 133(3): 741-755 Singer AJ, Mynster CJ, McMahon BJ. The effect of IM ketoro- lac tromethamine on bleeding time: A prospective, interven- tional, controlled study. Am J Emerg Med. 2003;21:441–443. Strom BL, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, et al. Parenteral ketoro- lac and risk of gastrointestinal and operative site bleed- ing: A postmarketing surveillance study. JAMA 1996;275: 376–382. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate claims about reversal of neuromuscular blockade.  Claim 1. Location of train-of-four assessment matters Claim 2. Train-of-four is unnecessary with "sufficient" time from the last dose  Claim 3. Fade can be discriminated by tactile assessment Our guest today is Dr. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka of the Massachusetts General Hospital.    Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Arain Sr, Kern S, Ficke DJ, Ebert TJ. Variability of duration of action of neuromuscular blocking drugs in elderly patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:312–315.  Caldwell JE. Reversal of residual neuromuscular block with neostigmine at one to four hours after a single intubating dose of vecuronium. Anesth Analg 1995;80:1168 –74 JØRGEN VIBY-MOGENSEN, NIELS HENRIK JENSEN, JENS ENGBAEK, HELLE ØRDING, LENE THEIL SKOVGAARD, BENT CHRAEMMER-JØRGENSEN; Tactile and Visual Evaluation of the Response to Train-of-four Nerve Stimulation. Anesthesiology1985;63(4):440-442. Stephan R. Thilen, Bradley E. Hansen, Ramesh Ramaiah, Christopher D. Kent, Miriam M. Treggiari, Sanjay M. Bhananker; Intraoperative Neuromuscular Monitoring Site and Residual Paralysis. Anesthesiology 2012;117(5):964-972. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31826f8fdd. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that the sniffing position aligns the "axes" and is the optimal position for viewing the glottic opening.  Our guest is Dr. Keith Baker, Vice Chair for Education and a thoracic anesthesiologist at the Massachusetts General Hospital.  Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References El-Orbany M.I., Getachew Y.B., Joseph N.J., Salem M.R., and Friedman M.: Head elevation improves laryngeal exposure with direct laryngoscopy. J Clin Anesth 2015; 27: pp. 153-158 Frédéric Adnet, Christophe Baillard, Stephen W. Borron, Christophe Denantes, Laurent Lefebvre, Michel Galinski, Carmen Martinez, Michel Cupa, Frédéric Lapostolle; Randomized Study Comparing the “Sniffing Position” with Simple Head Extension for Laryngoscopic View in Elective Surgery Patients. Anesthesiology 2001;95(4):836-841. Frédéric Adnet, Stephen W. Borron, Jean Luc Dumas, Frédéric Lapostolle, Michel Cupa, Claude Lapandry; Study of the “Sniffing Position” by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anesthesiology 2001;94(1):83-86. Hochman II, Zeitels SM, Heaton JT. Analysis of the forces and position required for direct laryngoscopic exposure of the anterior vocal cords. Ann Otol Rhino Laryngol 1999; 108 Levitan R.M., Mechem C.C., Ochroch E.A., et al: Head-elevated laryngoscopy position: improving laryngeal exposure during laryngoscopy by increasing head elevation. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: pp. 322-330 __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate pro and con positions on preoperative anxiolytics.  Pro claim: Preoperative anxiolytics improve patient satisfaction.  Con claim: Preoperative anxiolytics delay recovery and discharge. My guest is Dr. Matthew Vanneman, an attending cardiothoracic anesthesiologist at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Recommend a guest or topic at depthofanesthesia@gmail.com or tweet us @DepthAnesthesia.  Rate us on iTunes.  -- References C. Boncyk, A. S. Hess, A. Gaskell, J. Sleigh, R. D. Sanders, on behalf of the ConsCIOUS group, Does benzodiazepine administration affect patient satisfaction: a secondary analysis of the ConCIOUS study, BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, Volume 118, Issue 2, February 2017, Pages 266–267, https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aew456 Kain ZN, Sevarino FB, Rinder C, et al. Preoperative anxiolysis and postoperative recovery in women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 2001;94:415–22. Maurice-Szamburski A, Auquier P, Viarre-Oreal V, et al; for the PremedX Study Investigators. Effect of sedative premedication on patient experience after general anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.1108  Richardson MG, Wu CL, Hussain A. Midazolam premedication increases sedation but does not prolong discharge times after brief outpatient general anesthesia for laparoscopic tubal sterilization. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:301–5. van Vlymen JM, Sá Rêgo MM, White PF. Benzodiazepine premedication: can it improve outcome in patients undergoing breast biopsy procedures? Anesthesiology 1999; 90:740. Walker KJ, Smith  AF. Premedication for anxiety in adult day surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD002192. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002192.pub2. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that an alternative antibiotic to cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin) should be selected for penicillin-allergic patients in the perioperative setting.  Claim 1. Alternative antibiotics may be as efficacious in preventing surgical site infections Claim 2. Cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin) may be unsafe due to cross-reactivity.  Claim 3. Administering cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin) may be against the standard of care. My guest this week is Dr. Matthew Vanneman, an attending cardiothoracic anesthesiologist at the Massachusetts General Hospital.  Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Beltran RJ, Kako H, Chovanec T, Ramesh A, Bissonnette B, Tobias JD. Penicillin allergy and surgical prophylaxis: cephalo- sporin cross-reactivity risk in a pediatric tertiary care center. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50:856–859. Blumenthal KG, Ryan EE, Li Y, Lee H, Kuhlen JL, Shenoy ES. The impact of a reported penicillin allergy on surgical site infec- tion risk. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:329–336. Blumenthal KG et al. Risk of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile in patients with a documented penicillin allergy: Population based matched cohort study. BMJ 2018 Jun 27; 361:k2400.  Jeffres M, Hall-Lipsy E, King ST, Cleary J. Systematic Review of Professional Liability when Prescribing Β-Lactams for Patients with a Known Penicillin Allergy. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(Suppl 1):S341. Published 2017 Oct 4. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx163.812 Macy E, Contreras R. Adverse reactions associated with oral and parenteral use of cephalosporins: a retrospective population-based analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:745-752.e745. Petz LD. Immunologic reactions of humans to cephalosporins. Postgrad Med J. 1971;47:Suppl:64-9. Petz LD. Immunologic cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins: a review. J Infect Dis 1978;137:S74-9. Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cepha- losporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1048–1057. Zagursky RJ, Pichichero ME. Cross-reactivity in β-lactam allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:72–81.e1. __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that morphine causes more nausea than hydromorphone.  My guest is Dr. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka, program director of the Anesthesia Residency Program at Massachusetts General Hospital. Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Felden L, Walter C, Harder S, Treede RD, Kayser H, Drover D, Geisslinger G, Lotsch J. Comparative clinical effects of hydromorphone and morphine: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011; 107(3): 319-328 Wirz S,  Wartenberg HC,  Nadstawek J. Less nausea, emesis, and constipation comparing hydromorphone and morphine? A prospective open-labeled investigation on cancer pain, Support Care Cancer , 2008, vol. 16 (pg. 999-1009) Hong D, Flood P, Diaz G. The side effects of morphine and hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1384–9 Chang, AK, Bijur, PE, Meyer, RH, Kenny, MK, Solorzano, C, and Gallagher, EJ. Safety and efficacy of hydromorphone as an analgesic alternative to morphine in acute pain: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2006; 48: 164–172 Chang, AK, Bijur, PE, Baccelieri, A, and Gallagher, EJ. Efficacy and safety profile of a single dose of hydromorphone compared with morphine in older adults with acute, severe pain: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2009; 7: 1–10 __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

We investigate the claim that mask ventilation should be "checked" or "confirmed" before administering paralytics.  My guest is Dr. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka, program director of the Anesthesia Residency Program at Massachusetts General Hospital.  Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  -- References Chingmuh Lee, Jonathan S. Jahr, Keith A. Candiotti, Brian Warriner, Mark H. Zornow, Mohamed Naguib; Reversal of Profound Neuromuscular Block by Sugammadex Administered Three Minutes after Rocuronium: A Comparison with Spontaneous Recovery from Succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 2009;110(5):1020-1025. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819dabb0. Drummond GB, Park GR. Arterial oxygen saturation before intubation of the trachea. An assessment of oxygenation techniques. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56:987. Benjamin J. Dixon, John B. Dixon, Jennifer R. Carden, Anthony J. Burn, Linda M. Schachter, Julie M. Playfair, Cheryl P. Laurie, Paul E. O’Brien; Preoxygenation Is More Effective in the 25° Head-up Position Than in the Supine Position in Severely Obese Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study. Anesthesiology 2005;102(6):1110-1115. Jense HG, Dubin SA, Silverstein PI, O’Leary-Escolas U. Effect of obesity on duration of apnea in anesthetized humans. Anesth Analg 1991; 72: 89–93. Min, Se-Hee & Im, Hyunjae & Rim Kim, Bo & Yoon, Susie & Bahk, Jae-Hyon & Seo, Jeong-Hwa. (2019). Randomized Trial Comparing Early and Late Administration of Rocuronium Before and After Checking Mask Ventilation in Patients With Normal Airways. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 1. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004060. R. Sirian, Jonathan Wills, Physiology of apnoea and the benefits of preoxygenation, Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2009, Pages 105–108, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkp018 Roland Amathieu, Xavier Combes, Widad Abdi, Loutfi El Housseini, Ahmed Rezzoug, Andrei Dinca, Velislav Slavov, Sébastien Bloc, Gilles Dhonneur; An Algorithm for Difficult Airway Management, Modified for Modern Optical Devices (Airtraq Laryngoscope; LMA CTrach  ™): A 2-Year Prospective Validation in Patients for Elective Abdominal, Gynecologic, and Thyroid Surgery. Anesthesiology 2011;114(1):25-33. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318201c44f. Sachin Kheterpal, Richard Han, Kevin K. Tremper, Amy Shanks, Alan R. Tait, Michael O’Reilly, Thomas A. Ludwig; Incidence and Predictors of Difficult and Impossible Mask Ventilation. Anesthesiology 2006;105(5):885-891. Sachdeva R Kannan TR Mendonca C Patteril M. Evaluation of changes in tidal volume during mask ventilation following administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anaesthesia  2014; 69: 826–31 __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.

This is a podcast exploring the depth of our critical thinking around clinical practices. Anesthesia is full of claims. A claim is a practice decision that we either believe is true or is something we default to. We think that for every claim in anesthesia, we should know what is supported or refuted by evidence and what claims have no evidence base but “stand to reason”. We hope you start to see these claims and become less satisfied not knowing what you don’t know. -- Full show notes available at depthofanesthesia.com.  Connect with us @DepthAnesthesia on Twitter or depthofanesthesia@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! Please rate us on iTunes and share with your colleagues.  Music by Stephen Campbell, MD.  __ By listening to this podcast, you agree not to use information as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating. Opinions expressed are solely those of the host and guests and do not express the views or opinions of Massachusetts General Hospital.