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Physics Frontiers

English, Physics, 1 season, 75 episodes, 2 days, 6 hours, 48 minutes
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Jim Rantschler and Randy Morrison discuss physics from elementary particles to cosmological effects at the limits of our theoretical knowledge or have recently emerged.
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Episode 76: Undeciability and Theories of Everything with Claus Kiefer

Jim talks with Claus Kiefer about the implications of Goedel's incompleteness theorems on the search for the theory.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/76
1/29/202449 minutes, 40 seconds
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Episode 75: Categorical Probability and the Measurement Problem

Jim talks with Nick Ormrod and V. Vilasini about their use of categorical probability theory to analyze the measurement problem.  We discuss categorical probability theory, which allows them to abstract from particular mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics to more general ideas about states and measurements and observers than found in Hilbert space formulations.  They use this to look at the various properties of quantum mechanics and how they relate to each other, in particular how relativity affects the measurement problem.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/75
8/20/20231 hour, 7 minutes, 24 seconds
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Episode 74: Stochastic Thermodynamics with David Wolpert

Jim talks with David Wolpert about the non-equilibrium behavior of computation, what it means for entropy, and how it relates to traditional thermodynamics.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/74
7/9/202350 minutes, 23 seconds
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Episode 73: Quantum Money with Jiahui Liu

Jim discusses quantum money with Jiahui Liu.  Quantum money is a linchpin of quantum cryptography.  The ability to create secure banknotes using quantum computers would allow even more secure methods of encryption for communications. 
6/18/20231 hour, 43 seconds
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Episode 72: Born Rule and Gravity with Antony Valentini

Jim talks with Antony Valentini about the difficulties of interpretation of quantum mechanics in light of quantum gravity.  In particular, Antony discusses the failure of the Born Rule due to the impossibility of normalization (the fact that probabilities must sum to 100%) at that scale, and therefore the need to interpret the wavefunction as something more than merely the knowledge of the observer about the system.  They spend some time talking about the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation in light of quantum gravity.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/72
4/23/20231 hour, 13 minutes, 54 seconds
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Episode 71: Primordial Graviton Background

Jim talks with Sunny Vagnozzi about using the Primoridial Graviton Background to rule out all inflation models. Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/71
2/19/202345 minutes, 39 seconds
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Episode 70: Path Integrals and Entanglement with Ken Wharton

Jim talks with Ken Wharton about how to describe entangled states as sums over histories of particle paths using the path integral method.  He shows how this works for Bell-type experiments, entanglements swapping, delayed choice experiments, and the triangle network.  This leads to a second way to describe what happens quantum mechanically without introducing non-locality (but requiring other classical ideas to break down).Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/70
12/18/202246 minutes, 30 seconds
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Episode 69: The Flavor Puzzle with Joe Davighi

Jim talks with Joe Davighi of the University of Zurich about the flavor unification at high energies - the merging of all leptons into one kind of particle.  The discussion includes symmetries in particle physics, symmetry breaking at low temperatures, and unification schemes in general.  Joe also discusses both leptoquarks and proton stability in the context of his theory.
11/20/202243 minutes
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Episode 68: Quantum Resource Theories with Gilad Gour

Jim talks with Gilad Gour of the University of Toronto about quantum resource theories.  These are theories of largish systems that describe the relationships between possible states by the different levels of resources required for each.  By using resources, a system can move from one state to another.  This results in a partial order where between two states there could be two different states inaccessible to one another. Although (usually) these coalesce into an order based on a single property of thermodynamically-sized systems, the entropy, a few do not.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/68
9/26/202251 minutes, 29 seconds
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Episode 67: Optical Gravity with Matthew R. Edwards

Jim talks with Matthew R. Edwards about his theory of Optical Gravity.  This is a Le Sage model of gravity based on graviton filiments.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/67
8/14/202235 minutes
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Episode 66: The Limit of General Relativity with James Owen Weatherall

Jim talks with James Owen Weatherall about his work on viewing general relativity as an effective field theory and where it should give way to another theory.  General relativity does a very good job of describing the world we see in astronomical observations, but certain results, e.g. singularities, and certain limits, e.g. the Planck scale, hint that there should be another theory that supersedes it.  Jim Weatherall argues that this is in a high curvature regime.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/66 
6/26/202230 minutes, 9 seconds
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Episode 65: Causality, Time and the Experiment Paradox with Michal Eckstein

Jim talks with Michal Eckstein of the Copernicus Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies about how two different kinds of ordering, chronological and causal, give rise to a robust idea of time.  Additionally, we discuss the Experiment Paradox, a generalization of other measurement-type paradoxes in physics.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/65
5/22/20221 hour, 5 minutes, 4 seconds
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Episode 64: Born's Rule with Blake Stacey

Jim talks with Blake Stacey about recent attempts to replace Born's rule.  Born's rule is the principle used in quantum mechanics that associates quantum states to the probability of measurement.  There has been a recent interest in Quantum Foundations to try to find a less arbitrary rationale for this procedure.  Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/64
4/24/202229 minutes, 18 seconds
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Episode 63: Gleason's Theorem with Blake Stacey

Jim talks with Blake Stacey about Gleason's Theorem, a foundational topic in the foundations of quantum mechanics.  Gleason's theorem gives us a set of characteristic states for a measurement and the probability rule associated measuring them.  This is the first part of the interview.  The second part will discuss recent attempts to replace the Born Rule.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/63
3/20/202244 minutes, 9 seconds
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Episode 62: Deformed Special Relativity

Jim and Randy talk about how special relativity might be amended to incorporate a minimum length scale.  Such scales are common in quantum gravity theories, and in the limit where both QM and GR are less important, QG should induce first order corrections to SR.  We then talk about how these corrections seem to lead to unreasonable paradoxes.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/62
2/13/202239 minutes
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Episode 61: Dark Stars

Jim and Randy talk about alternatives to black holes without event horizons or singularities.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/61
10/31/202142 minutes, 37 seconds
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Episode 60: Warp Bubbles

Randy tells Jim about developments of metrics describing isolated spacetime bubbles that could, possibly, move faster than light.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/60
9/12/202143 minutes, 8 seconds
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Episode 59: The Hubble Crisis

Randy and Jim discuss the current tension between measurements of the Hubble constant by different methods, and some attempts to resolve the issue.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/59
7/5/202148 minutes, 47 seconds
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Episode 58: Phantom Matter

Jim and Randy talk about the Higgs portal to dark matter and the nightmare scenario for particle physicists: what if the LHC never saw any traces of supersymmetric particles?Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/58
6/6/202138 minutes, 3 seconds
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Episode 57: Quantum Effects in Gravitational Waves

Randy and Jim talk about two proposals to use gravitational wave interferometry to show that gravitons exist through noise measurements.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/57
5/2/202126 minutes, 21 seconds
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Episode 56: Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon

Jim and Randy discuss the measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon and some of the ways in which the discrepancy between theory and experiment could manifest themselves in new physics.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/56
4/1/202144 minutes, 36 seconds
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Episode 55: Multiversality

Jim and Randy discuss the rationales for multiverses based on quantum mechanics, string theory, and the anthropic principle.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/55
12/7/202037 minutes, 36 seconds
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Episode 54: The ANITA Experiment

Randy and Jim talk about the strange results of the ANITA experiment: tau neutrinos that seem to come up out of the Earth.Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/54
10/18/202045 minutes, 15 seconds
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Electromagnetic Gravitational Repulsion

Randy tells Jim about ways in which electromagnetism reduces the gravitational attraction caused by a body.
8/17/202041 minutes, 12 seconds
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Sterile Neutrinos

Jim and Randy discuss the hypothesis of sterile neutrinos, neutrinos that are even more ghostly than neutrinos that are dark matter candidates.
7/8/202037 minutes, 41 seconds
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Gravitational Wave Astronomy

Jim and Randy talk about gravitational waves.
6/10/202038 minutes, 25 seconds
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X17

Jim and Randy discuss a possible "fifth force," the hypothetical X17 particle that has been seen in several experiments. Erratum: The g-2 of the muon was shown to be off by 1 part in 500,000 in 2001 at Brookhaven. It may not be in there, I'm not sure how much of that I cut out.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/50
5/3/202038 minutes, 25 seconds
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The Unruh Effect

Jim and Randy discuss the apparent creation of quanta seen by comparing the viewpoints of relatively accelerating observers -- the Unruh Effect. (There is a little noise that shows up on Randy's track half way through - I did my best)Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/49(links to papers, podcasts, and more!)
4/4/202039 minutes, 35 seconds
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The Gertsenshtein Effect

Randy introduces Jim to the Gertsenshtein effect, the conversion of gravitational waves to electromagnetic waves through resonances.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/48
1/19/202040 minutes, 14 seconds
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Bimetric Gravity

Randy introduces Jim to Sabine Hossenfelder's bimetric theory of gravity. In this gravitational theory, there are two types of matter whose only interaction is through gravitation. However, each one reacts to space-time differently, resulting in different metric tensors for each. In low-curvature situations, this creates a kind of anti-gravitation.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/47
11/24/201946 minutes, 50 seconds
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Wigner's Friend

Randy and Jim discuss experiments that purport to show that there is no such thing as objective reality.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/46
9/22/201944 minutes, 43 seconds
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Loop Quantum Gravity

Jim and Randy discuss loop quantum gravity, and integration of quantum mechanics and gravity that quantizes space-time itself through the use of uncertain quanta of volumes and the random connections between them.
8/16/201944 minutes, 27 seconds
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Spooky Action at a Distance

Jim and Randy discuss experiments that put a minimum superluminal speed of communication between parts of a wavefunction.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/44
7/16/201947 minutes, 51 seconds
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The Positive Energy Theorem

Randy introduces Jim to a refutation of the positive energy theorem in a universe with a cosmological constant.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/43
6/6/201934 minutes, 22 seconds
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Entropic Gravity

Jim and Randy discuss Eric Verlinde's theory thermodynamic theory of gravity. This theory purports to explain gravitational attraction and inertia through statistical mechanics.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/42
5/4/201936 minutes, 21 seconds
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The Chameleon Field

Randy and Jim discuss the chameleon field -- a way to model dark energy with a scalar boson of varying strength.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/41
2/24/201933 minutes, 21 seconds
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The Octonions

Randy tells Jim about a way to use an extension of an extension of the complex numbers to reveal the nature of elementary particles.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/40
12/23/201852 minutes, 34 seconds
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Negative Effective Mass

Randy tells Jim about experiments with Neutrons and Photons in materials that exhibit negative effective mass. Not only do these effects show that the inertial mass of quasiparticles in a material can become negative, they show that these negative mass quasiparticles act like they have negative gravitational mass, as well.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/39
12/9/201835 minutes, 44 seconds
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The Dimensionality of Space-Time

Jim discusses why the world we observe is 4-dimensional with Randy. We discuss anthropic and fundamental reasons why we need 3 dimensions and no more than one time dimension for reasons of complexity, predictability and stability.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/38
11/25/201843 minutes, 38 seconds
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The Einstein-Cartan Torsion Field Theory

Randy explains to Jim theories on how to incorporate a native angular momentum into general relativity.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/37
10/30/201835 minutes, 24 seconds
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The Metamaterial Stress Tensor

Randy tells Jim about recent results in the description of the electromagnetic stress tensor in metamaterials. In particular, we discuss the efforts to computationally model the stress tensor in amorphous metamaterials.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/36
10/15/201842 minutes, 27 seconds
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The String Theory Landscape

Jim and Randy explore the landscape of string theory in the anthropic manner put forward by Leonard Susskind.Show Notes:http:frontiers.physicsfm.com/35
9/22/201842 minutes, 29 seconds
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CPT Symmetry and Gravitation

CPT Symmetry is a fundamental symmetry in the standard model. Jim and Randy discuss what happens when it is applied to general relativity.Show Notes: frontiers.physicsfm.com/34[Really sorry for the muted tracks on the first upload. The problem has been fixed. - J]
8/10/201832 minutes, 10 seconds
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Retrocausality

Jim and Randy look at how quantum mechanics is affected by time. Most importantly, what happens when temporal boundary conditions are used to create standing waves in the wave function of a particle?Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/33
7/25/201834 minutes, 49 seconds
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Tunneling Time

Jim talks to Randy about the amount of time it takes for an electron to tunnel through a forbidden region of space. Astoundingly, how quickly this happens has been a subject of debate for eighty years and is still unresolved.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/32
7/7/201847 minutes, 14 seconds
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Post-Newtonian Gravitation

Jim discusses the Parameterized Post-Newtonian formalism with Randy. The PPN framework is a general, linearized metric theory of gravity that can simulate all metric theories of gravity and compare them to solar system sized experiments.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/31
6/8/201841 minutes, 47 seconds
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The Consistent Histories Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Jim and Randy discuss the consistent histories interpretation of quantum mechanics. The brainchild of Robert Griffiths and with a surprisingly strong set of supporters, Consistent Histories seems to be a strong, logical description of what happens in the quantum world.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/30
5/24/201846 minutes
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Gravitational Alternatives to Dark Energy

Jim and Randy discuss how modifications to general relativity can be used to mimic the effects of dark energy. They discuss various forms of gravitational theory that can do the job, as well as the field particles that mediate their "fifth force."Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/29
5/16/201846 minutes, 56 seconds
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The Quantum Vacuum and the Casimir Effect

Jim and Randy review two very convincing papers that make the claim that the Casimir effect is due to materials fluctuations and not the zero point energy.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/28
4/25/201841 minutes, 21 seconds
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The Gravitational Equivalence Principles

Jim talks to Randy about the different ways in which the equivalence principle of general relativity can be formulated. More than just the equivalence of accelerations, the different possible meanings of the equivalence principle mean different things about how gravity works. From weak to strong, from Einstein's equivalence principle to Schiff's conjecture, the implications of these theories are explored.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/27
4/15/201846 minutes, 6 seconds
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Antimatter Production at a Potential Boundary

Randy shows Jim an idea for generating antimatter using the Casimir effect that doesn't require a collider.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/26
3/25/201839 minutes, 32 seconds
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Gravitational Field Propulsion

Randy introduces Jim to several ways in which people have theorized that gravity can be used to propel an object through space. The slingshot effect is the only proven method here, but people have found many ways that theoretically could induce propulsion taking advantage of non-commutative motions in space-time, negative inertia, artificially-induced gravitational dipoles, and creating bubbles in space-time. Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/25
3/16/201858 minutes
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The Island of Stability

Randy tells Jim about the island of stability: a theoretically predicted oasis of stable nuclear isotopes that researchers keep getting nearer and nearer to discovering. Randy and Jim talk about what they are, how researchers are trying to produce the isotopes, and the theoretical methods that predict their existence.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/24
2/24/201825 minutes, 27 seconds
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Dark Energy

Randy helps Jim get a handle on Dark Energy. Why do we need it? What could it be? What does it have to do with you? How close are we to knowing anything about it?Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/23
2/9/20181 hour, 13 minutes, 25 seconds
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Weyl and Quasiparticles

Jim and Randy discuss quasiparticles recently found in condensed matter systems that mirror particles theorized nearly a hundred years ago, but never found in the vacuum. Weyl particles are massless fermions, and once it was hoped that neutrinos would turn out to be this kind of particle, and Majorana fermions have real-valued wave functions and therefore many strange and possibly useful properties. Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/22
1/22/201837 minutes, 1 second
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The Origin of Inertia

Randy tells Jim about a scheme that uses Mach's Principle - the idea that there is a preferred background frame with respect to the fixed stars - to explain the origin of inertia.Show Notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/21
1/11/201838 minutes, 48 seconds
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Time Crystals

Jim talks to Randy about structures that are periodic in time like crystals are periodic in space. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/20
12/22/20171 hour, 2 minutes, 3 seconds
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The 2T Physics of Itzhak Bars

Randy tells Jim about a theory that complements other theories of fundamental physics based upon a phase space symmetry between the 4-position and the 4-momentum of a particle. The upshot of the theory is that there should be a second time dimension and a fourth space dimension, both macroscopic in extent, and the physics we see are 4D projections from the larger 6D space-time.Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/18
12/6/201744 minutes, 54 seconds
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The Physics of Time Travel

Randy and Jim talk about traveling through through time, discussing relativity and, in particular, Kurt Goedel's solution for closed timelike curves in General Relativity. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/17
11/24/201743 minutes, 40 seconds
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Stochastic Resonance Energy Harvesting

Randy tells Jim about ways in which external vibrations can be used to do useful work in large-scale devices. These processes look at have happens when bistable systems (e.g., a bent cantilever) are subjected to random forcing from the environment. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/16
11/6/201737 minutes, 40 seconds
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Five Proven Methods of Levitation

Randy shows Jim five different ways in which a body can be levitated: by magnetism, by superconductors, by Lenz' Law, by acoustics, and most recently by thermophoresis. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/15
10/21/201747 minutes, 4 seconds
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Stochastic Electrodynamics

Randy explains Stochastic Electrodynamics to Jim, the theory that vacuum fluctuations are the cause of quantum mechanical behavior. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/14
10/4/201750 minutes, 22 seconds
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Exotic Photon Trajectories in Quantum Mechanics

Jim and Randy discuss strange trajectories observed in triple slit experiments with metallic plates. Photons seem to pass through one slit, come back through the middle slit, and out the third due to their interactions with surface plasmons. There are implications in this experiment about the way in which wavefunctions need to be interpreted in non-relativistic quantum mechanics.Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/13
9/14/201726 minutes, 19 seconds
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A Gravitational Arrow of Time

Jim and Randy discuss a cosmological theory that purports to find an explanation for the arrow of time in gravitational theory based on the shape and distribution of matter and how it evolves. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/12
8/20/201741 minutes, 21 seconds
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Photonic Molecules and Optical Circuits

Randy tells Jim about photonic molecules, pairs of photons that create bound states like molecules do through a force mediated through an ultracold gas and similar ideas in optical circuits. They also discuss application of the same for quantum computing. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/11
7/16/201736 minutes, 46 seconds
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Requirements for Alternative Gravity Theories

In this episode Jim and Randy talk about how to evaluate alternative gravity theories. What sort of things do we want them to explain, what experiments do they have to predict, and what theoretical requirements do they have to meet. This is in some ways a continuation of Episode 9 - f(R) Theories of Gravity, but the discussion is relevant to all attempts to amend gravitational theory.Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/10In the program, Randy talks about the outline I sent him. I put that up on the Physics Frontiers Blog.
7/1/201748 minutes, 20 seconds
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f(R) Theories of Gravity

Jim and Randy discuss gravitational theories that modify general relativity by changing the action using a polynomial dependence on the Ricci scalar. Although not physically motivated, some of these theories produce effects similar to those of dark matter, dark energy, and cosmological constants. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/9
6/2/201737 minutes, 20 seconds
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Vacuum Fluctuations and the Casimir Effect

Jim and Randy discuss how vacuum fluctuations produce the van der Waals forces and the Casimir effect. Van der Waals forces are factors in atomic bonds and the Casimir effect produces an attractive force between nanoscale objects. The claim is that vacuum fluctuations -- the production and annihilation of particle-antiparticle pairs -- are the underlying reason for both effects. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/8
4/27/201747 minutes, 44 seconds
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Virtual Gravitational Dipoles

Randy discusses what the Cosmological implications of a negative gravitational mass would be with Jim. If there were a negative gravitational mass (as opposed to inertial mass), then every time that an electron-positron pair was created in the vacuum, that would create a gravitational dipole. This in turn would create effects similar to dark matter, dark energy, and a cosmological constant -- and this in turn would have an effect on the origin of the universe. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/7
3/14/201750 minutes, 37 seconds
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General Relativity for the Experimentalist

Randy shares some of his favorite papers with Jim: papers on general relativity by engineer and science fiction author Robert L. Forward on how general relativity could be used in a terrestrial environment, including proposals for devices and materials. These papers are "General Relativity for the Experimentalist" and "Guidelines to Antigravity." Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/6
2/14/201749 minutes, 47 seconds
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Pilot Wave Hydrodynamics

Randy and Jim discuss a physical analogy to quantum mechanics consisting of a droplet of fluid bouncing off of the waves in a similarly composed fluid that were generated by the droplet's own bounces. The analogy is very close to the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/5
1/20/201758 minutes, 3 seconds
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Phononics

Randy tells Jim about the emerging field of Phononics: using quantum particles of heat in materials for information processing in advanced materials. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/4
1/5/201747 minutes, 38 seconds
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Gravitoelectromagnetism

Randy talks to Jim about gravitoelectromagnetism. Based on the similarity between Newtonian gravity and electrostatics, there should be a second gravitational field,the gravitomagnetic field. What are the implications of the existence of such a field, and how large are those effects? Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/3
12/6/201641 minutes, 17 seconds
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The de Broglie-Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Jim talks to Randy about the pilot wave interpretation of quantum mechanics, which separates the particle and wave behavior of a non-relativistic quantum particle into that of a particle moving in and exciting a quantum mechanical medium. Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/2
11/15/201630 minutes, 57 seconds
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G4V: Four Vector Potential Gravitation

Randy talks to Jim about Carver Mead's G4V, a formulation of gravitation combining the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass with a vector potential formulation of gravitation (a 4-vector form, with the usual gravitational potential in the temporal component). Show notes: http://frontiers.physicsfm.com/1
10/31/201644 minutes, 21 seconds